How successfully does tourist industry in the Canaries add value? Essay

How successfully does tourist industry in the Canaries add value? To what extent is Maslow’s hierarchy is applied to motivate staff in Souvenir Palace? Souvenir Palace, a retail outlet company started in the year 1991 by Jose Ignacio. They are specialist sellers in Souvenirs. Apart from that, they have also started to sell cigarettes, tobacco and electronics. This decision was taken a couple of years back when the company was making success in the market by opening their shop no. 5 in the last 12 months. Now, they have more than 200 employees working in the company over different 40 department stores throughout the island of Gran Canaria which is located in Spain. Now in the future they are thinking of selling perfumes as well. One of the retail outlets of the Souvenir Palace company. The key factor behind the company’s success has been the huge amount of tourism industry that is located on the island. This been a huge fact on the success of the record sale of the year that the company made (1.6 million à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ – 250 million pesetas)1 in the year 2000. Not only, tourism has helped the company grow, the motivation strategies applied by Mr. Jose Ignacio has also helped them to gain a major market share than of their competitors. This competitive advantage of years has given them a good brand image because of their excellent service and relationship with customers. A major fact that approves that tourism has helped the company to grow is that before the September 11 attacks, many people used to travel and come to this beautiful island. That was the time when the record sales were made. After the September 11 attacks, sales have fallen dramatically.2 They have had a 40% decrease since then.3 This has really affected them, which has destroyed their future plan of selling perfumes. Now they are thinking of applying other strategies of improving their sales and improving their performance like they had before the September 11 attacks. Tourism was growing from the year 1995 till 2001, suddenly when those attacks occurred and there was a major decline in the tourism industry. This has affected the whole world. However, the company is still doing well, as Mr. Jose Ignacio tries to motivate their employees. Mr. Jose Ignacio believes in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. He thinks that by referring to Maslow’s theory, you can motivate the employees better. First of all, he tries to provide them with the basic needs such as food and shelter. Then, he thinks of the further stages on the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. These are Security needs. He does this by providing them with permanent contracts, giving a good, friendly and healthy working condition. Then he would think of Esteem needs. This is done by team working, as this would help all of the employees become good colleagues having good relationship which could result to both, formal and informal communication within the company. Finally, he would decide to go for the self-actualisation, this means that he gives his employees higher responsibility than they normally have and to praise them for their job well done as they could feel good and also that the company needs them and they are a part of their organisation. However, there are limitations for promoting employees. These limitations are that not many people can be promoted, because the company doesn’t need so many higher levels of staff, so not many people can be promoted. Also, not much responsibility could be given to any employee, because each employee has only a particular task. We can also tell that the company is doing very well by making some simple comparisons between the different companies on the island. Reports show that souvenir Palace has done far better and kept ahead of the game.4 One way to show this is that they have kept expanding their business while others have been the same. Moreover, comparisons of balance sheets have been made by many business analysts on the island who have prepared their reports for the public interest. The other main factor that has been the key for the company has been the motivation strategies that have been applied by the CEO, Mr. Jose Ignacio. In the interview, he told me that, â€Å"It has been five years now that I have been using the democratic leadership style, which has helped me to come close to my employees and to know them better†5 Surely, this would help the employee to enjoy their stay at this company better. Another type of motivation strategy they he applies are giving the employees fringe benefits. These fringe benefits could be discounts on the company’s products, other non-monetary rewards such as small free products that are promoted by other companies for their sales, etc. â€Å"Pay is not the only way to motivate the employees. One of the main ways in order to motivate the employees is just by praising them or by recognizing them for a job well done.†6 This can make any employee feel better. Moreover, he has given his employees a job security by giving them permanent contracts. This means that employees know that they have a secured job. This is very important because short term contracts dominate the employment market on the Canary Isles as the local newspaper says â€Å"Contratos a corto plazo es la causa de desempleo en nuestras islas.†7 Mr. Jose Ignacio believes in the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. This hierarchy tells us that employees don’t get satisfied neither by the basic needs of food and shelter nor by the security needs. They need to reach to their full potential, which is the self-actualisation. To do this one should delegate more responsibilities to their managers. This makes the managers feel that they are a part of the company and the company needs them. They will also feel that Mr. Jose Ignacio believes in them. This good belief in each other could help to build a strong relationship between the staff at the company. In conclusion, I think that the key factors behind the company’s success have been the tourism in the island of Gran Canaria as well as the motivation strategies applied by Mr. Jose Ignacio. However, I think that the motivation factor dominates more than the tourism factor. This has been very noticeable after Mr. Jose Ignacio applied the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.    1 Taken from the company’s balance sheets. 2 Taken from articles of the magazine – â€Å"Newsweek†. 3 Made from the comparisons of the company’s annual balance sheets. 4 Reports from the business analysts on the island. 5 Taken from the interview with Mr. Jose Ignacio. 6 Taken from the interview with Mr. Jose Ignacio. 7 From an article in the local newspaper, â€Å"La Provincia†.

Surface Perfusion Pressure Method Health And Social Care Essay

The Doppler Effect ( Doppler displacement ) is the alteration in frequence of a moving ridge ( or other periodic component ) for an perceiver traveling comparative to its beginning. It is normally heard when a vehicle sounding a Siren or horn attacks, base on ballss, and recedes from an perceiver. The frequences observed compared to the emitted frequence are: higher frequence for the receiving system during the attack ( called blue switch if we consider light alternatively of the sound ) , equal frequence when at the blink of an eye of passing by, and lower frequence during the recession ( called red displacement if we consider light alternatively of the sound once more ) . The comparative alterations in frequence can be explained as follows: when the beginning of the moving ridges is traveling toward the perceiver, each consecutive moving ridge crest is emitted from a place closer to the perceiver than the old moving ridge. Then each moving ridge takes somewhat less clip to make the perceiver compared to the last moving ridge. Consequently the clip between the reaching of consecutive moving ridge crests at the perceiver diminishes, which leads to an addition of frequence. As we can see in the figure 1 the distance between consecutive moving ridge foreparts is reduced. On the contrary, when the beginning of moving ridges is traveling off from the perceiver, each moving ridge is emitted from a place further from the perceiver than the last moving ridge, so the reaching clip between consecutive moving ridges is increased, it reduces the frequence. As we can see in the figure 1, the distance between consecutive moving ridge foreparts is increased. Figure 1: On the left side of it can be seen that if the beginning is still, an perceiver will merely see the visible radiation with the same wavelength and frequence as it was emitted. However, on the right side it can be seen what happens with a traveling beginning. ( http: //cfcpwork.uchicago.edu/kicp-projects/nsta/2007/sherman/doppler.htm ) should i compose it in mentions? The difference between the ascertained and emitted frequences is straight relative to the velocity of the beginning towards or off from you, giving: ( Eq. 1 ) is the difference between the emitted and observed frequences is the speed of the receiving system relation to the beginning: it is positive when the beginning and the receiving system are traveling towards each other, and negative when they are traveling apart.Laser Doppler FlowmetryLaser Doppler flowmetry ( LDF ) is a non-invasive diagnostic method of mensurating blood flow in tissue. This technique is based on mensurating the Doppler displacement induced by traveling ruddy blood cells ( RBC ) to the enlightening coherent visible radiation as it can be seen in figure 1. Thankss to LDF we can mensurate flux, speed and concentration of the blood cells in motion from the end product of the instrument. These parametric quantities are extracted from the power spectrum of the photocurrent fluctuations produced by reflected light lighting a photodetector. The perfusion measurings can be divided in two types: optical maser Doppler perfusion imagination ( LDPI ) and, laser Doppler perfusion monitoring ( LDPM ) ( 1 ) . In this undertaking LDPM is the m ethod used. Figure 1: the sensing of a ruddy cell flux by optical maser Dopple flowmetry. Laser visible radiation is conducted to the tegument via fibre optics. In the tegument, a little fraction of the visible radiation is reflected by traveling ruddy cells with a shifting frequence ( Doppler consequence ) , whereas the remainder is reflected by the same frequence. Both reflected beams are transmitted to the having optical fibre. ( 2 ) The major advantage of the optical maser Doppler techniques in general is their non-invasiveness and their ability to mensurate the microcirculatory flux of the tissue and fast alterations of perfusion during aggravations. The technique can mensurate perfusion quantitatively ( although relation ) in existent clip. ( 1 ) However, there are some restrictions of the technique: the influence of optical belongingss of the tissues on the perfusion signal, gesture artefact noise, unknowingness of the deepness of measuring, absence of quantitative units for the biological and perfusion zero signal ( at no flow status ) . ( 1 ) Some of them will be farther explained in the undermentioned paragraphs. Light dispersing in tissue Photons are scattered by inactive and dynamic atoms if a beam of optical maser visible radiation illuminates a little country of tissue. Therefore, the traveling RBC/RBCs? ( plural ) impart a Doppler displacement to the photon, what depends on the wavelength, the dispersing angle and the speed vector of the scatterer. Figure 3: Scattering of a photon ( wave vector qi and frequence I†° ) by a traveling RBC ( speed V ) ( reproduced from ( 1 ) ) When a moving ridge with frequence I†° is scattered from a traveling atom with speed V ( figure 3 ) , the Doppler displacement can be written as: ( Eq.2 ) qi is the incident moving ridge vector, Kansas is the wave vector of the scattered moving ridge, and I? is the angle between the speed vector and the sprinkling vector, defined as ( kI-ks ) . If I ± is the dispersing angle and I » the wavelength of the visible radiation in the medium, the Doppler displacement can be written as: ( Eq.3 ) However, there is non merely one alone Doppler displacement measuring. On one manus, in tissue with a big figure of traveling ruddy blood cells, and for sufficiently long photon way lengths, photons undergo more than one Doppler displacement, so, more than one Doppler-shifted frequence is obtained usually. On the other manus, the fact that microcirculatory blood vass have no standard orientation and randomisation of the photons with different dispersing events give rise to a scope of Doppler displacements, even if all the ruddy blood cells move at equal velocity. Hence to obtain an absolute speed measuring one needs to cognize the dispersing angle I ± , the angle between the speed vector and the sprinkling moving ridge vector I? , and the figure of Doppler displacements in the instance of multiple sprinkling. The job is solved theoretically presuming an isotropically distributed angle between the dispersing vector and the speed, furthermore, a corrected frequence spectrum is obtained as if all vectors were parallel. Finally, the end product spectrum is corrected for assorted waies of speed and besides the mention vector, by generation of the Doppler displacement by the differential coefficient of the spectrum. This last measure leads to a velocity-resolved flow measuring. ( 3 ) Depth sensitiveness The measurement deepness depends chiefly on both biological and optical facets. On one manus, it depends on the tissue belongingss such as the construction and denseness of the capillary beds, temperature, pigmentation, oxygenation, etc.. On the other manus, it depends on the wavelength of the optical maser visible radiation and on the distance between theA sending and receivingA fibres in the optical maser Doppler probe.A Since the optical soaking up by blood and, to a smaller extent, the dispersing degree of the tissue differ significantly for green, ruddy and infrared visible radiation, this may be utilized to mensurate the blood flow in tissue volumes of different size and deepness. ( 1 ) Figure 2: calculated wavelength-dependent incursion deepness of visible radiation into tissue ( blood volume 5 % , oxygenation 80 % , H2O content 80 % , ) over a wavelength scope from 500 nanometers to 100 nanometers ( reproduced from ( 4 ) ) . From figure 2 the wavelength dependance of the incursion deepness of visible radiation into tissue can be seen. Green visible radiation ( 543 nanometer ) has a smaller incursion deepness ( 0.33 millimeter ) into tissue than both ruddy visible radiation ( 633 nanometer ) and infrared visible radiation ( 800 nanometer ) , they penetrate to 3.14 millimeters and to 4.3 millimeters severally. ( 4 ) Another issue is the action of the heat, local heat regulates the tegument blood flow ( SkBF ) . In human existences local heating below hurting esthesis evokes vasodilatation, so addition of blood flow, this is mediated both by neurogenic physiological reactions and locally released substances. These interactions between the nervous mechanisms and local factors are highly complex. ( 5 ) Many factors can act upon on the response, but in general, local warming evokes an initial dilator response that peaks in a few proceedingss, followed by a brief low-water mark, and so a secondary dilation to a tableland that can be sustained. What means that the tegument is known to be innervated by two different parts of the sympathetic nervous system: an sympathomimetic vasoconstrictive system part to resting cutaneal vascular tone and a cholinergic vasodilative system having an unknown neurotransmitter coreleased with acetylcholine. ( 5 ) ( 6 ) Figure X A: representative tracing of the local warmer set temperature and the skin temperature at the local heater-skin surface interface during the local warming protocol. Bacillus: representative tracing of the tegument blood flow ( SkBF ) response to the local warming protocol. Local warming resulted in a bimodal addition in SkBF. Prolonged warming in some topics caused a gradual diminution in SkBF after 50 min. Valuess are expressed as a per centum of maximum SkBF during extract with50 millimeter Na nitroprusside. ( 5 ) As we can see from Figure 1A there are distinguishable responses to the local warming. In human existences the skin temperature is about 30 grades, so, if it is heated until 40 and remained changeless as it is done in ( B ) two responses are clearly seen. The flow before the warming is called baseline flow, after warming, a rapid addition in SkBF is found. After a transeunt bead follows and eventually a secondary progressive rise to a tableland is found. After drawn-out warming ( 50 min ) , SkBF begins to worsen in some, but non all, topics despite the care of an elevated tegument temperature. ( 5 ) I have to associate this to the minuts that I chose for my measurings! ! ! ! ! The last facet to reference is the altering the source-to-detector separation, measurings with a flow theoretical account showed that a larger separation between beginning and sensor increased sensitiveness to deeper flows, whereas a smaller separation between beginning and sensor steps more superficially. ( 7 ) Human tegument is the largest organ of the organic structure and has an mean thickness of 1-2 millimeter. LDF mensurating deepness is in the order of 0.5-1 millimetre. Sing incursion deepness and source-to-detector separation and in order to make this deepness a investigation with standard fibre separation ( 0.25 millimeter ) , and a 780 nm wavelength optical maser are used in this undertaking. ( is it ok if I mention this facet of the undertaking already? ) Furthermore, we have chosen the investigation PROBE 457 ( 357 ) Angled Small Thermostatic Laser Doppler Probe to be able to heat the tissue and therefore, the effects of the temperature can be studied. Calibration Standardization is required in comparing the degree of perfusion in different measurings and from different instruments owing to the fact that the optical maser Doppler perfusion signal is a comparative step of flux. Then, we can look into the instrument ‘s stableness, set up the one-dimensionality of the instrument ‘s response to blood flow, set up relationships between different instruments, and associate the reading of the instrument to existent perfusion ( if it is possible ) . There is no gilded criterion until now available for the standardization of the optical maser Doppler instrument for perfusion measurings. The job is that the distribution of blood vass in tissue and optical belongingss is heterogenous, hence it is hard to graduate an instrument to mensurate absolute blood flow per unit volume of tissue. Even though is non the aimed gold criterion, a simple method has been in usage for frequent and easy standardization of optical maser Doppler instrumentality. It is about an aqueous suspension of polystyrene microspheres in Brownian gesture called a motility criterion. The Doppler displacement generated by the atoms in Brownian gesture is used to graduate the system ‘s overall unity for a comparing of measurings at different clip intervals. In our undertaking the investigations are calibrated sing the Brownian gesture of our atoms equal to 250 perfusion units ( PU ) . In our measurings, since no current optical maser Doppler instrument can supply absolute perfusion values ( e.g. ml/min/100 gram tissue ) measurings will be expressed in as Perfusion Units ( PU ) , which are arbitrary. Calibration is required therefore a particular motility criterion PF100 developed by Perimed is used for this undertaking.Skin Perfusion Pressure ( SPP ) methodSkin Perfusion Pressure ( SPP ) is a noninvasive method to mensurate the blood force per unit area of the microcirculatory flow in the tegument at a 1-2mm tegument deepness. SPP measures in millimetres of quicksilver ( mmHg ) the force per unit area at which blood flow foremost returns to the capillaries. Figure X, proctor, turnup and Doppler investigation set-up for SPP. ( I do non like it, I will utilize my exposures ) Skin Perfusion force per unit area is performed by puting a proctor of microcirculation ( in our instance is Laser Doppler investigation ) on the tegument ( see figure X ) , puting a force per unit area turnup on it and blow uping the force per unit area turnup until the microcirculation disappears. Then, the air leaves the force per unit area turnup easy until the microcirculation appears which can be seen by the optical maser Doppler signal on the proctor of the first channel, figure X. Figure Twenty: the microcirculation displacement by the optical maser Doppler can be seen in the first channel, the signal disappears when the force per unit area in the turnup is increased ( impart three ) to barricade the microcirculation at 40 grades, skin temperature by the 2nd channel. When the force per unit area in the turnup decreases, the force per unit area on the tegument returns at one point, the SPP ( T flag ) . The force per unit area in the force per unit area turnup at the clip the microcirculatory flow returns is defined as the SPP at that point of the tegument, on the instep portion of the pes in the instance of figure X. The SPP in mmHg is pointed out in the 3rd channel of figure XX. Even though the best organic structure place on skin perfusion force per unit area in patients with terrible peripheral arterial disease ( see pag X ) is in the sitting place after the pes had been lowered vertically for 10 min, the chief demand is that the height degree of the mensural portion coincides with the degree of the bosom ( 8 ) . The measurings in the undermentioned undertaking are taken at supine place since the voluntaries are healthy and it is a comfy place. SPP value is a mention value that measures the chance of healing of hurts and ulcers related to the force per unit area measured on the tegument every bit good as diagnosings CLI and PAD diseases. There have been several statistical surveies about SPP cut-off value as we can see in table Ten, sum uping the interval between 30-40 mmHg is the critical scope, below ulcers and hurts will now mend, above they will. ( 9 ) ( 10 ) ( 11 ) ( 12 ) ( 13 )ReportStandardsConsequenceCastronuovo, Adera, Smiell and Price, 1997 & lt ; 30 mmHg Command line interface Lo, Sample, Moore and Gold, 2009 & lt ; 30 mmHg lesion unlikely to mendAa†°? 30 mmHg lesion probably to mend Yamada, Ohta, Ishibashi, Sugimoto, Iwata, Takahashi and Kawanishi, 2007 & lt ; 40 mmHg lesion unlikely to mend and severe PADA& gt ; 40 mmHg lesion probably to mend Adera, James, Castronuovo, Byrne, Deshmukh and Lohr, 1995 & lt ; 30 mmHg lesion unlikely to mendAa†°? 30 mmHg lesion probably to mend Table Ten: Reference SPP values for healing and for foretelling CLI and PAD. If the patients suffer of sphacelus, ulcers and/or there is a demand of amputation for other grounds, SPP is a tool to demo with great truth if the hurt would mend or non. A survey shows experimental consequences sing SPP cut-off value when make up one's minding on amputation when enduring from ulcers ( see figure XXXX ) . Figure XXXX: SPP values for all limbs. Group I patients ( n = 32 ) required vascular Reconstruction or major amputation in the sentiment of vascular go toing sawbones. Group II patients ( n = 29 ) were non thought to necessitate vascular Reconstruction to mend and were managed with local debridement, minor amputation, or both. All foot lesions and amputation lesions in group I healed ( reproduced from ( 10 ) ) Figure XXXXXV: Logistic arrested development analysis of patients ( n=29 ) that were non thought to necessitate vascular Reconstruction to mend and were managed with local debridement, minor amputation, or both correlating a given SPP with chance of mending. ( 10 ) From figure XXXXXV it can be seen that SPP values between 20 and 30 millimeter Hg do non foretell mending with great truth. But an SPP value less than 20 mm Hg and an SPP value greater than 30 mm Hg predict the result of local therapy rather accurately. ( 10 ) SPP is non changeless in all organic structure skin surface, as it can be seen in the tabular array below. SPP is normally lower the further of the bosom, therefore it consequences with a really low value when patients suffer from CLI and PAD.DegreeNormal Mean SPPIschemic mean SPPBrachial 52A ±3 55A ±8 Above Knee 50A ±5 46A ±4 Below Knee 42A ±4 22A ±4 Dorsal pes 43A ±4 10A ±2 Dorsal toe 55A ±5 16A ±4 Plantar toe 73A ±5 17A ±3 Table Thirty: different SPP values in both healthy and ischaemic voluntary limbs ( reproduced from ( 14 ) ) .ApplicationsFalten bibliografiesssssssssPeripheral Arterial Disease ( PAD )Peripheral vascular disease ( PAD ) is a narrowing of blood vass that restricts blood flow. It largely occurs in the legs, but is sometimes seen in the weaponries. More restrictedly speech production, PAD includes a group of diseases in which blood vass become restricted or blocked. Typically, the patient has peripheral vascular disease from artherosclerosis, which is a disease in which fatty plaques form in the interior walls of blood vass. Blood coagulums are another procedure taking to PAD, which restrict blood flow in the blood vass. In some instances PAD may happen all of a sudden if an intercalation or when a smudge coagulum quickly develops in a blood vas already restricted by an atherosclerotic plaque, and the blood flow is rapidly cut off. Even thoguh venas and arterias can be affected, but the disease is normally arterial, that is why is called PAD. The chief symptom is pain in the affected country. Since this disease is seen chiefly in the legs, the hurting and other symptoms normally occur when walking. The symptoms may vanish when resting. As the disease becomes worse, symptoms occur all the clip, even at remainder. At the most terrible phase of the disease, when the blood flow is greatly restricted, sphacelus can develop in those countries missing blood supply. There are different phases harmonizing to the badness of PAD. These phases were classified by Fontaine and Rutherford, they can be observed in the undermentioned talbesxXX X. Phase I – Asymptomatic. Phase II – Intermittent lameness. This phase takes into history the fact that patients normally have a really changeless distance at which they have pain. Phase IIa – Intermittent lameness after more than 200 metres of hurting free walking. Phase IIb – Intermittent lameness after less than 200 metres of walking Phase III – Rest hurting. Rest hurting is particularly disturbing for patients during the dark. Stave IV – Ischemic ulcers or sphacelus ( which may be dry or humid ) . Table ten: Different Fointaine categorization phases to sort PAD. Phase I – Asymptomatic Phase II – Mild lameness Phase III – Moderate lameness – The distance that delineates mild, moderate and terrible lameness is non specified in the Rutherford categorization, but is mentioned in the Fontaine categorization as 200 metres. Phase IV – Severe lameness Phase V – Rest hurting Phase VI – Ischemic ulceration non transcending ulcer of the figures of the pes Phase VII – Severe ischaemic ulcers or blunt sphacelus Table Twenty: Different Rutherford categorization phases to sort PAD There are several factors that may increase the chance of PAD for case: smoke, diabetes, fleshiness ( a organic structure mass index over 30 ) , high blood force per unit area ( 140/90 millimetres of quicksilver or higher ) , high cholesterin ( entire blood cholesterin over 240 mgs per decilitre, or 6.2 millimoles per litre ) , increasing age ( particularly after making 50 old ages of age ) , high degrees of homocysteine ( a protein constituent that helps construct and keep tissue ) and a household history of peripheral arteria disease, bosom disease or shot. ( 15 ) About the diagnosing, PAD can be diagnosed by comparing blood force per unit areas taken supra and below the point of hurting. The country below the hurting ( downstream from the obstructor ) will hold a much lower or undetectable blood force per unit area reading. There are several techniques to name PAD, the most common used in the infirmaries are Ankle-brachial index ( ABI ) , computed Tomographic Angiography ( CT ) , Magnetic Resonance Angiography ( MRA ) , Doppler and Ultrasound ( Duplex ) imagination, Angiography, and Skin Perfusion Pressure ( SPP ) . I will shortly specify them subsequently on this undertaking. If the individual fumes, it is extremely recommended to halt smoke instantly. Exercise is basic to tret PAD. Infections in the affected country should be treated quickly. Surgery may be required to try to handle clotted blood vass. Sing the last phases, limbs with sphacelus must be amputated to forestall the patient to decease. * 5. Hirsch AT, Haskal ZJ, Hertzer NR, Bakal CW, Creager MA, Halperin JL et Al. ACC/AHA 2005 guidelines for the direction of patients with peripheral arterial disease ( lower extermity, nephritic, mesenteric, and abdominal aortal ) : executive summary a collaborative study from the American Association for Vascular Surgery/Society for Vascular Surgery, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interverntions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, Society of Interventional Raidology, and the ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines ( Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease ) endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation ; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute ; Society for Vascular Nursing ; Transatlantic Inter-Society Consensus ; and Vascular Disease Foundation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006 ; 47:1239-312. WHAT HAPPENS IS IT IS A REFERENCE OF A REFERENCE? ?Critical Limb Ischemia ( CLI )Critical limb ischaemia is defined as limb hurting happening at remainder, or impending limb loss caused by terrible via media of blood flow to the affected appendage. Although the trademark of peripheral arterial occlusive disease is an unequal blood flow to provide critical O demanded by the limb, critical limb ischaemia ( CLI ) occurs merely after chronic deficiency of blood supply, puting off several pathophysiologic events that finally lead to trophic lesions or rest hurting of the legs, or both. ( 15 ) The international consensus about CLI is the undermentioned: any patient with chronic ischaemic remainder hurting, ulcers, or sphacelus attributable to objectively turn out arterial occlusive disease. ( 16 ) It is to be stated that CLI is non to be confused with acute occlusion of the distal arterial tree, alternatively it is a procedure that occurs in a scope frame of months to old ages and, if left untreated, it leads to limb loss secondary to miss of equal blood flow and oxygenation through the distal appendages. ( 15 ) CLI is a terrible manifestation of PAD, so, the patients would be classified in the more terrible terminals of the Fontaine ( present III-IV ) or Rutherford categorization ( grades V-VII ) , seetables X and XX severally. Figure Ten: SPP method measures the chance of mending related to the force per unit area measured on the tegument every bit good as diagnosings CLI and PAD. ( from Vasamed AB, company, non article, it is merely a powerpoint page of a presentation of a company ) ( can I utilize it? ) SPP can name both CLI and PAD therefore, they can be treated. Which is of high relevancy if we consider the high mortality of these diseases.Alternate methods to SPPIn order to name both PAD and CLI several methods can be used, they are the undermentioned: Ankle-brachial index ( ABI ) : A a non-invasive method that compares the blood force per unit area in the pess to the blood force per unit area in the weaponries to find how good the blood is fluxing. Normally the ankle force per unit area is at least 90 per centum of the arm force per unit area, with terrible contracting it may be less than 50 per centum. If an ABI reveals an unnatural ratio between the blood force per unit area of the mortise joint and arm, more testing Is needed before doing a diagnose. Computed Tomographic Angiography ( CT ) : a non-invasive trial that shows the arterias in the venters, legs and pelvic girdle. It is peculiarly utile in patients with pacesetters or stents.A A Magnetic Resonance Angiography ( MRA ) : a non-invasive trial that gives information similar to that of a CT without utilizing X-rays.A Doppler and Ultrasound ( Duplex ) imagination: a non-invasive method that visualizes the arteria with sound moving ridges and measures the blood flow in an arteria to bespeak the presence of a blockage.AAAngiography: ( by and large reserved for usage in concurrence with vascular intervention processs ) an invasive method that consists on inject a contrast agent into the arteria and X raies are taken to demo blood flow, arterias in the legs and any obstructions that may be present.1ST Part: TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF SPPQuestionhypertext transfer protocol: //dwb.unl.edu/teacher/nsf/c01/c01links/www.science.mcmaster.ca/biology/4s03/thermoregulation.html RESPONSES TO HEAT: When the organic structure is exposed to heat ( Sun, fire, excessively much vesture ) , body temperature rises. Skin heat receptors and blood convey these alterations to the hypothalamic thermoregulator. The thermoregulator inhibits the sympathomimetic activity of the sympathetic nervous system, which control vasoconstriction and metabolic rate, therefore doing cutaneal vasodilation and cut downing BMR. This causes an addition in heat loss via the tegument and a lessening in heat production in the nucleus. If the heat is sufficiently intense, the cholinergic sympathetic fibres, which innervate perspiration secretory organs release ACh, exciting perspiration. Sweating is the most effectual nonvoluntary heat contending response in adult male. Behavioral responses to heat, such as lassitude, resting or lying down with limbs spread out, decreases heat production and increases heat loss. Wearing loose and light vesture, fanning and imbibing cold drinks besides helps wit h heat loss. 40 grades ( a temperature that opens more capillaries, so it is thought that it could increase the An increment vasodilatation and decrease of BMR can increase the flow, so the Doppler signal would be increased. It is something to be tested but the chief inquiry is if these metabolic alterations will act upon SPP. If the optical maser Doppler would merely increase the signal with no alteration of SPP, it would be an tremendous aid for the doctors to acknowledge the SPP value on the monitored information. This old inquiry is to be tested and discussed carefully.SET-UPPF 472 digital/analog convertorA convertor from linear signal to digital signal will be needed in the 2nd portion of the measurings. It is present even though it is non needed in our first portion.PF 5000 Doppler proctor which includestwo PF 5010 Laser Doppler Perfusion Monitoring ( LDPM ) unitsThe PF 5010 LDPM Unit is used for blood perfusion measurings based on optical maser Doppler engineering. Laser Doppler measures the sum, local microvascular flow including capillaries, arteriolas, venulas and shunts. Each unit i ncludes one optical maser Doppler investigation.PF 5020 Temperature unitThe PF 5020 Temperature Unit is used toA execute local heat aggravation and/or temperature measurings. The PF 5020 unit has two connections for either thermostatic optical maser Doppler probes and/or temperature measuring detectors.one ( Numberss or letters ) PF 5050 Pressure UnitThe PF 5050 Pressure Unit is used to command additive or instant turnup force per unit area deflation. It has been developed to simplify and standardise trials such as Skin Perfusion Pressure ( SPP ) .Computer with Perimed PSW 2,5 packagePSW 2,5 package will let to obtain the measurings of the PF 5000 Doppler proctor numerically.Pressure turnups 10 centimeter and 12 centimeters HokansonA force per unit area turnup is a device that shows the force per unit area in mmHg inside the cuff chamber. The breadth required will depend on the breadth of the mark to be measured. The turnup should be 20 % wider than the mark. In our instance, the ma rk is the in-between calf. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.deh-inc.com/userfiles/image/SC12D % 20PP.jpgPressure pump WelchAllyn 2005A force per unit area pump will pump air into the force per unit area turnup.457 ( 357 ) Angled Small Thermostatic Laser Doppler ProbeProbe 457 is a combined optical maser Doppler and thermostatic investigation used for local heat aggravation while blood perfusion is measured. Its optical fibers are integrated in the het country and therefore the whole tissue country under the investigation will be heated. Its fibre separation is 0.25 millimeter. investigation 457457 Probe SupportA support is required in order to enlarge the country of the investigation therefore avoid tilting and increase contact with the investigation. ( our sentiment until the following experimentsssssssss ) ? ?PF 105-3 double-sided adhesive stripsStrips are used for arrested development of the tegument and the investigationPF 1000 Calibration DeviceAqueous suspension of polystyrene microspheres in Brownian gesture used for the standardization of the investigations in this undertaking. Photosssss, cameraaaaaaaaMethodTo get down with, the measuring devices have to be calibrated. The optical maser Doppler investigation is calibrated by a motility criterion obtained from Perimed. Since the signal from PF 5000 Doppler proctor is so sent to the PF 472 digital/analog convertor before making the computing machine, so, laser Doppler signal, temperature and force per unit area have to be calibrated every bit good. It is easy since the Numberss are shown in the proctor, so an easy correlativity can be found. Skin Perfusion force per unit area is performed by puting a proctor of microcirculation ( in our instance is laser Doppler investigation ) on the tegument, in our instance is placed in the in-between calf as it is showed in figure Ten. ( PHOTO ) . In our instance we will antecedently line-up the 457 Probe Support, it is obvious that a support will convey more stableness, avoiding tilting and increasing the contact with the investigation? A? . Furthermore, by a Micrometer? A? a degree of 0.5mm of difference has been found between the standard support and the investigation. Perimed employees have lined it up. Then, the force per unit area turnup is placed on the Doppler investigation 457 which is contained inside the lined-up support, being careful that the turnup has the investigation precisely in the center of the blow uping rectangle as it can be seen in figure X. The following measure is taken when the received signal from the optical maser Doppler investigation is regular and familiar, as it can be seen in figure Ten. When can get down the measuring once we receive a regular signal ( basal? A? ) from the optical maser Doppler investigation, so, the force per unit area turnup is inflated until the microcirculation disappears, see figure X. Figure X The three channels are shown through PSW 2,5 package: Doppler laser signal ( perfusion units, PU ) , temperature signal ( Celsius grades ) , force per unit area of the force per unit area turnup ( mmHg ) . The first channel shows the alteration of the optical maser Doppler from a normal flow signal to a low cubic decimeter flow signal. The 2nd channel shows the changeless temperature of the voluntary, 30,9 Celsius grades. ? grades Celsius? The 3rd channel shows how the force per unit area turnup is inflated to accomplish low flow circulation. Then, around 30 seconds are needed in order to stabilise the circulation, so until we get a regular signal from the optical maser Doppler investigation ; hence a level and humdrum signal is obtained. Consequently, the air can be let out by the force per unit area turnup easy until the microcirculation appears as it can been in figure X, which can be seen by the optical maser Doppler signal on the proctor from figure X. The force per unit area in the force per unit area turnup at the clip the microcirculatory flow returns is defined as the SPP. This modus operandi is repeated three times at skin temperature ( 20-35 ( look at the values obtained! ) degrees Celsius ) Figure X The three channels are shown through PSW 2,5 package: Doppler laser signal ( perfusion units, PU ) , temperature signal ( Celsius grades ) , force per unit area of the force per unit area turnup ( mmHg ) . The first channel shows the alteration of the optical maser Doppler from a low-flow signal to a normal flow signal. The 2nd channel shows the changeless temperature of the voluntary, 30,9 Celsius grades. ? grades Celsius? The 3rd channel shows how the force per unit area turnup is easy deinflated and the SPP is pointed out and the Afterwards, the Doppler investigation is heated until a temperature that brings a vasodilatation response ( addition of optical maser Doppler signal ) without hurting ( B ) ! ! ) , 40 grades Celsius. Even though 15 proceedingss are needed harmonizing to ( KRISTIANNN! ) , around two proceedingss will be considered in order to open a important measure of capillaries since in infirmaries the continuance of the trial plays an of import function when taking the medical method to be used. Then, 3 more measurings with the old modus operandi are taken at this new temperature, 40 grades Celsius. Following, the systolic force per unit area is measured in all the voluntaries merely as a standard cheque. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.aqualyte.com.au/pdf/PHYSIOLOGICAL % 20RESPONSE % 20TO % 20HEAT % 20EXPOSURE.pdf ( non used, but may be needed )ConsequenceHere follows the list of the 25 voluntaries, with a sum of 28 battalions of measurings. Measurements in the same voluntaries were taken in different yearss. For each voluntary, as it is explained in the Method, 3 recordings are taken and averaged at Tvolunteer, plus 3 recordings are taken an averaged at T=40 grades C.Volunteers:NameAgeWeightGenderAnders 42 86 adult male Anders W.AAadult male Asa 48 55 kvinna Bjorn 51 91 adult male Cia 52 70 kvinna Eva 56 53 kvinna Han dynasties 50 79 adult male Hans-Erik 49 77 adult male Jan 58 86 adult male Kjell 75 85 adult male Kristian Euren 49 88 adult male Kristian Euren 2 49 88 adult male Microphone 48 87 adult male Dent A 36 A 100 adult male Niklas 35 80 adult male Oskar 30 92 adult male Patrik 31 70 adult male Per 42 72 adult male Peyman 38 81 adult male Reyhan 28Akvinna Reyhan 2 28Akvinna Sara 33 64 kvinna Susanne 35 54 kvinna Susanne 2 35 54 kvinna Sven 55 73 kvinna Thomas B. 48 63 adult male Thomas C. 36 75 adult male Table: voluntaries ‘s name, age, weight and gender.a ) SPP vs temperature and clip-interesting consequences for our undertaking can be found in the tabular array in the Annex, here? -all the consequences obtained ( Wizard Reports ) can be found in the Annex? The chief goul in this portion of the undertaking is to cipher if the Temperature is a factor that influences the SPP, the influence of clip will be studied at the same clip. During the recordings a somewhat addition of the SPP values at the same temperature was noticed for each measuring. In order to explicate it and to seek to avoid this factor act upon our decisions about the temperature, the difference between the first recorded value and the undermentioned values ( until 6 recordings ) for each measuring has been calculated to get down with. The consequences are plotted on figure Ten. Figure X: Pressure difference between the first value in each measuring, and the undermentioned ( until six ) , in each measuring. With a sum of 26 measurings. In order to do the consequences and farther decisions of the graph X more clear, an norm of the differences between the first recordings and the remainder of the recordings for all the 26 considered measuring is calculated and used for farther computations in table Ten.average value difference between the 1st recording and the 2nd ( Tvolunteer )4,75 mmHgaverage value difference between the 1st recording and the 3rd ( Tvolunteer )6,15 mmHgaverage value difference between the 1st recording and the 4th ( T=40 d C )9,56 mmHgaverage value difference between the 1st recording and the 5th ( T=40 d C )9,15 mmHgaverage value difference between the 1st recording and the 6th ( T=40 d C )11,15 mmHgTable Ten: average value differences between the 1st and the remainder recordings in each voluntary. From the table Ten we can see that all values of SPP addition on clip and non merely between the 3rd and 4th recordingS, when the temperature is increased till 40 grades. The biggest difference is between the 1st and the 2nd. Just to do certain that it is non an mean artefact, it is deliberate how would alter the deficiency of the first measuring on the overall consequence at Tvolunteer, without warming, see figure XX. Figure Twenty: average values at Tvolunteer, sing merely the 2nd and the 3rd recorded values in each measuring vs sing all three Tvolunteer values obtained. Decision: the 1st value could be excluded. After ciphering the influence of the clip on the recordings and in order to analyze the influence of the temperature on the SPP consequences, the undermentioned consequences will be considered both excepting the first recordings for each measuring, and without excepting them. 156 recordings realized and averaged. 78 averaged values used for farther computations. A Bacillus C 1ST, 2ND, 3d averaged entering values. Tvolunteer 4TH, 5TH and 6TH averaged entering values. T=40 degrees Celsius 2ND, 3RD averaged entering values. Tvolunteer 62,2 68,0667 64,5 60,6 63,2 61,55 38 47,7667 38,8 906 96,8667 88,15 783 95,55 88,15 57,8 68,7333 62,4 532 61,9333 56,8 508 57,3667 54,35 57,6 61,8333 59,7 56,7 55 55,8 81,4 87,2333 82,05 42,8 55,3333 38,4 59,8 59,1333 60,15 61,5 69,6667 61,25 43,0 51,8667 47,3 70,7 77,5333 72,4 77,3 75,25 77,55 58,6 64,4667 57,85 53,6 59,0333 55,8 523 56,3 54,65 60,5 63,3667 60,3 36,1 48,8667 39,5 44,3 47,4 46,2 73,0 82 77,1 69,1 75,3 73,75 90,9 95,8333 93,35 table ten: averaged values in each voluntary depending on the temperature recorded, A at Tvolunteeer. B at T=40. C, at Tvolunteer excepting the 1st recording. The first chief consequence from this first portion will ensue from deducting B-A and averaging the ensuing vector. The 2nd, from deducting C-B. Thus an overall position of the influence temperature can be understood.B-A=6,32 mmHgaverage value of the averaged T=40degrees-values, subtracted from all six Tvolunteer-values.C-A= 4,5 mmHgaverage value of the averaged T=40degrees-values, subtracted from the Tvolunteer-values ( excepting the 1st recorded value ) .B ) Baseline V T and clip ( baseline? Stabile phase? ; how could I explicate that? )In this portion the baseline of both laser Doppler signal ( PU ) and from the turnup ( mmHg ) are studied. Just before pumping both a stable optical maser and force per unit area signal are wanted. Once pumped, after few seconds ( even though 30 sec have been considered in instance ) both signals are stable once more. We have seen that the SPP value is lightly increasing along the recording. The inquiry is if baseline is increasing every bit good or if it is changeless along the measuring, along the recording of the 6 SPP values ( the 3 first recordings at Tvolunteeer, and the 3 following recordings at T=40 grades C ) . First, the optical maser Doppler signal received is studied. The signal should be expected to be higher when the temperature is increased in the tegument surface, accordingly, the alterations of flow can be more ascertained and therefore the obtainance of SPP is simpler. Merely the 10 first measurings are taken into history for the computations. We will analyze it during Tvolunteer and T=40 grades Celsius. From the tabular array X ( ANNEX ) , we can see the consequences of PU in each of the stairss, extracted from the â€Å" Wizard studies † : TvolunteerAAAAAAAAAAAT=40 grades CAAAAAAA1st pumping 1st stabilisation 2nd pumping 2nd stabilisationA3th pumping 3th stabilisation 4th pumping 4th stabilisations 5th pumping 5th stabilisations 6th pumping Plutonium mmHg Plutonium mmHg Plutonium mmHg Plutonium mmHg Plutonium mmHg Plutonium mmHg Plutonium mmHg Plutonium mmHg Plutonium mmHg Plutonium mmHg Plutonium 7,94 117,29 17,58 0,06 4,67 124,93 19,82 0 4,84 132,99 100,93 0 6,18 137,94 46,74 0 6,21 130,85 49,31 0 6,98 5,74 148,17 14,14 1,35 6,03 146,75 14,61 0,03 6,58 139,49 38,12 0 6,8 139,44 32,49 0 6,65 154,31 25,15 0 6,43 4,85 144,22 14,65 2,94 5,31 153,1 12,48 0,94 5,21 135,74 30,76 0 5,41 146,66 27,65 0,21 5,21 141,12 30,27 0,3 5,34 5,01 137,77 23,79 0,43 4,91 133,32 24,12 0,4 5,1 140,34 33,16 0 5,36 129,5 26,6 0,48 5,2 132,77 28,5 0,5 5,24 2,86 145,89 15,62 0,84 3,19 138,54 11,93 0 3,27 139,53 34,66 0 3,58 148,84 27,68 0 3,63 149,15 29,23 0,39 3,65 5,01 137,77 23,79 0,43 4,91 133,32 24,12 0,4 5,1 140,34 33,16 0 5,36 129,5 26,6 0,48 5,2 132,77 28,5 0,5 5,24 5,2 147,06 17,32 0,47 4,97 154,36 17,05 1,06 4,94 138,69 45,79 0,01 5,34 147,44 40,16 1,29 5,75 128,04 45,72 1,43 5,95 5,51 142,98 21,32 1,09 6,57 136,24 18,15 1,24 5,76 145,81 58,47 0 5,68 141,28 37,53 1,78 5,49 137,24 34,87 1,16 5,87 6,67 151,08 11,93 1,46 6,36 138,32 11,33 0,25 6,02 129,92 36,08 0 6,71 135,67 29,24 0,5 6,37 143,39 41,29 0 6,65 5,6 116,37 18,12 0,38 6,12 123,72 20,55 0,2 5,36 139,05 15,56 0,4 4,45 121,43 21,44 0,87 4,39 118,44 19,94 0,51 4,27 Table X ( possibly let ‘s set in the extension? ) To mensurate the stableness during pumping and non-pumped, the wired norm for each measure is calculated for all 10 measurings, at Tvolunteer:A=2ND PU pumped value -1st PU pumped valueB=3th PU pumped value 1st PU pumped valueAt T=40 grades C:C=4th PU pumped value -1st PU pumped valueD=5th PU pumped value -1st PU pumped valueE=6th PU pumped value -1st PU pumped valueNow, averaging each vector obtained: A -0,135 Bacillus -0,221 C 0,048 Calciferol -0,029 Tocopherol 0,123 Table Ten: mean values of laser signal of all the stabile stairss for all the voluntaries in the pumped stabile phase. It can be seen from table Ten that neither the addition on temperature nor the development on clip are relevant on the PU signal while pumped ( occlusion ) . Then, no farther computations will be taken. Now we consider the measurings of PU on the stabile period before and after the pumping of the turnup, were the first measuring is after the first pumping. At Tvolunteer:F=2ND PU stabile value -1st PU stabile valueG=3th PU stabile value – 1st PU stabile valueAt T=40 grades C:H=4th PU stabile value -1st PU stabile valueI=5th PU stabile value -1st PU stabile valueAs expected from ( bibliographty? ? ? A? ) the addition of T leads to a better signal PU as can be seen in G, H, I vectors. Now, averaging each vector obtained: F -0,41 Gram 24,843 Hydrogen 13,787 I 15,452 Table Ten: mean values of laser signal of all the stabile stairss for all the voluntaries in the unpumped stabile phase. As expected from ( bibliographty? ? ? A? ) the addition of T leads to a better signal PU as can be seen in G, H, I averaged vectors. To complete with this portion the force per unit area ( mmHg ) is studied. Again, merely before pumping a stable force per unit area signal from the turnup is wanted. The inquiry is if this stableness is changeless along the measuring, along the recording of the 6 SPP values. Merely the 10 first measurings are taken into history for the computations. We will analyze it during Tvolunteer and T=40 grades Celsius. If now we consider the measurings of force per unit area on the stabile period before and after the pumping of the turnup, were the first measuring is after the first pumping. At Tvolunteer:FF=2ND force per unit area stabile value -1st force per unit area stabile valueGG=3th force per unit area stabile value – 1st force per unit area stabile valueAt T=40 grades C:HH=4th force per unit area stabile value -1st force per unit area stabile valueII=5th force per unit area stabile value -1st force per unit area stabile valueIt can be seen that neither the temperature nor the clip influence on the force per unit area. Now, averaging each vector obtained: FF -0.4930 GG -0.9040 HH -0.3840 Two -0.4660 Table Ten: mean values of force per unit area of all the stabile stairss for all the voluntaries in the unpumped stabile phase.Discussion2nd Part: Pressure CORRELATION BETWEEN CUFF AND PROBE ON LIMB PROTOTYPEQuestionThe chief job is that when we measure the air force per unit area in the force per unit area turnup, this force per unit area has been assumed to correlate to the force per unit area applied by the investigation to the tegument. However, this is an indirect measuring that has ne'er been decently evaluated until now. To give an illustration of how unsure is the premise of correlativity between the force per unit area in the turnup and the force per unit area applied by the investigation to the tegument: if the force per unit area turnup is attached really tight on top of the investigation, the turnup will definitively do a force per unit area onto the investigation and accordingly, onto the tegument ; however, the air force per unit area will demo still 0mmHg. To get down with a simple mark, this correlativity is to be tested on limb paradigms, different diameters of tubings folded with different breadths and hardness of froths. Furthermore, there are several constructs unknown: the optimum size of the investigation, the optimum arrangement of the turnup and the investigation, the optimum testing tissue and the optimum methodological analysis of acquiring consequences. In this portion we the investigation size, the investigation and turnup arrangement and the â€Å" tissue † ( represented by a froth hardness and breadth ) are tested.SET-UPPF 472 digital/analog convertorA convertor from linear signal to digital signal, to change over the signal from the force per unit area detector into digital signal sent to Perimed PSW 2,5 package.PF 5000 Doppler proctor which includestwo PF 5010 Laser Doppler Perfusion Monitoring ( LDPM ) unitsThe PF 5010 LDPM Unit is used for blood perfusion measurings based on optical maser Doppler engineering. Laser Doppler measures the sum, local microvascular flow including capillaries, arteriolas, venulas and shunts. Each unit includes one optical maser Doppler investigation.P F 5020 Temperature unitThe PF 5020 Temperature Unit is used toA execute local heat aggravation and/or temperature measurings. The PF 5020 unit has two connections for either thermostatic optical maser Doppler probes and/or temperature measuring detectors.one ( Numberss or letters ) PF 5050 Pressure UnitThe PF 5050 Pressure Unit is used to command additive or instant turnup force per unit area deflation. It has been developed to simplify and standardise trials such as Skin Perfusion Pressure ( SPP ) .Computer with Perimed PSW 2,5 packagePSW 2,5 package will let to obtain the measurings of the PF 5000 Doppler proctor numerically.8 A201 FlexiForce force detectorsSensitive force detectors are needed in order to correlate the mechanical force per unit area of the turnup and of the investigation.SC10 and SC20 Hokanson force per unit area turnups ( 10 centimeter and 12 centimeter )A force per unit area turnup is a device that shows the force per unit area in mmHg inside the cuff chamber. T he breadth required will depend on the breadth of the mark to be measured. The turnup should be 20 % wider than the mark. In our instance, the mark is the in-between calf. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.deh-inc.com/userfiles/image/SC12D % 20PP.jpgUPC2.5 Hokanson force per unit area turnup ( 2.5 centimeter )A force per unit area turnup of 2.5 centimeter of breadth, which will needed for the smallest tubing ( Xcm diameter ) .Pressure pump WelchAllyn 2005A force per unit area pump will pump air into the force per unit area turnup.Two 457 ( 357 ) Angled Small Thermostatic Laser Doppler ProbeProbe 457 is a combined optical maser Doppler and thermostatic investigation used for local heat aggravation while blood perfusion is measured. Its optical fibers are integrated in the het country and therefore the whole tissue country under the investigation will be heated. Its fibre separation is 0.25 millimeter. investigation 457457 Probe SupportA support is required in order to enlarge the country of the investigation therefore avoiding leaning and increasing contact with the investigation. ( our sentiment until the following experimentsssssssss ) ? ?457 Probe Support ( lined-up )A support is required in order to enlarge the country of the investigation therefore avoiding leaning and increasing contact with the investigation. ( our sentiment until the following experimentsssssssss ) . Since it was tested that the bottom portion of the support was 0.5mm deeper in tallness than the investigation, a lining-up has been realized in order to prove the consequence of this difference on the consequences.Probe 457 Silicone SupportA more flexible support than the Probe 457 Support will be tested.PF 105-3 double-sided adhesive stripsStrips are used for arrested development of the tegument and the investigationTen, 5cm and 10.5 centimeter diameter tubingsHard plastic tubings that are used as a limb par adigm.1mm, 5mm, 2cm soft froth and 1.5cm, 2.5cm difficult frothThe thickness and hardness of the different froths will play the tissue function around the tubings. Robin goodfellows, peacesaˆÂ ¦ . PHOTO Limb paradigm, tubing of 10cm of diameter ) PhotographMethodConditioning and standardization of the detectorThe detector Flexiforce is constructed of two beds of substrate composed of polyester movie. On each bed a conductive stuff ( Ag ) is applied, followed by a bed of pressure-sensitive ink. When force applied the electric resistance of Ag diminishes ( the conductance additions ) . Since the electric resistance is reciprocally relative to coerce, the force value can be obtained. After having the detectors the first measure to develop was to mount the electronic box, aid from one expert in electronics was needed from Perimed. The first measure before get downing the measurings is to condition the detector every bit good as understanding how it works. Unfortunately it has been clip demanding to carry through both stages. Here it is the detector ‘s electronic box set-up, where the V entire power has been changed from -1 V to -0.165 V to avoid impregnation of the electromotive force, hence, higher force end product values where obtained. Figure ten: recommended and innitial circuit of the Flexiforce detector. After the first group of measurings, the V T power has been changed from -1V to -0.165 V to avoid impregnation. About the conditioning, the User Manual have been followed exhaustively. The undermentioned stairss have been required to condition the detector: Design of 2 Pucks, little force concentrators and one for each side of the feeling country, to guarantee that all the force travels through the sensing country. It was necessary since the contact country of the burden was excessively big for the sensing country, which has 9.53 millimeter of diameter, see figure X. Perimed manufactured the Pucks. Double-side spines were used to repair the feeling country with the Pucks. Figure ten: Flexiforce sensor A-201. It has a thickness of 0.208mm, length of 197mm and feeling country of 9.53 millimeters diameter. It was recommended to put 110 % ( or more ) of the maximal trial burden onto the detector for about 3 seconds, reiterating in the process 5 times. However, since the highest trial burden was unknown at the beginning, the first 5 detectors have non been conditioned decently. The initial burden trial to status was around 50 N. The remainder of the detectors have been conditioned at around 70 N. Once the detector is conditioned, a standardization is required. In order to make that two stairss were required. It was suggested to put 1/3, 2/3 and the full trial weight on the detector, and mensurating during the timeframe to be used during the existent measurings. Since the full trial weight was still unknown at the beginning, 4 different weights ( 50g, 110g, 300g and 700g ) were used in order to obtain the additive relation between the input value and the end product value. The timeframe was considered to be 30 sec. It was tough to happen quotable consequences. Once the additive arrested development was found, the values were calibrated in the plan sing the weight of the objects, so the existent theoretical force of the objects used to be weighted.Initial jobs of the detectorUsing 110g weight objects it was troublesome to acquire quotable measurings. Then, farther double-side spines started to be used between the Pucks and the upper and lower objects. Furthermore, the consequences turned to be more quotable when the weight was situated precisely at the same topographic point in every measuring thanks to two perpendicular walls that supported a horizontal card, that contained boundaries that fitted with the cylinder form of the weight. Unfortunately the detector was found to be excessively sensitive, any somewhat weight difference in lading along the lading country brought different consequences. Linearity ( Error ) +/- 3 % Repeatability +/- 2.5 % of full graduated table ( conditioned detector, 80 % force applied ) Hysteresis & lt ; 4.5 % of full graduated table ( conditioned detector, 80 % force applied ) Drift & lt ; 5 % per logarithmic clip graduated table ( changeless burden of 90 % detector evaluation ) Response Time & lt ; 5 microseconds Output Change/Degree F Up to 0.2 % ( ~0.36 % / A °C ) . Loads & lt ; 10 pound, runing temperature can be increased to 165A °F ( 74A °C ) . Table ten: different detector belongingss. From the tabular array X it can be seen that the force detector has several issues that could take to non-valid consequences. The one-dimensionality mistake is thought to be overcome it by mensurating many times the same value. The hysteresis is checked by utilizing two weights ( 100g, 300g ) and mensurating while puting the first one, puting the 2nd one, and taking and puting the 2nd object while maintaining the first. No farther surveies were done about impetus. Response clip was measured thanks to a force per unit area turnup and it was established to be around 1 sec. Finally, about temperature influence, the room has been kept all the clip between 23 and 25 grades Celsius.The first measuringsInitially 4 parametric quantities have been studied: breadth of the low contact country of the support with the limb, tallness of the support, surface country of the upper contact country of the support with the force per unit area turnup and hardness of the surface of the limb. Alternatively of a human limb, a cylinder of 10cm of diameter and 60cm long has been used with two different hardness froths in each terminal, difficult ( white ) and soft ( Grey ) , figure ten. ( exposure ) . The first measurings were performed with the detector on the surface of the limb, below the investigation support and on top, the turnup environing the limb, see figure X. However, the Pucks moved from the halfway portion of the detector country, the tortuosity and non-vertical forces from the turnup moved the support. So there was low repeatability of the first measurings owing to both high sensitiveness and the instability of the base of the support on top of the limb. The first chief job to work out was instability, the detector was situated on top of the support alternatively, so higher surface was being stack on the limb. On top of the detector a stabilising piece was designed, figure X, in order to avoid non-vertical forces from the force per unit area turnup. Furthermore, tape was carefully set to repair all the objects on top of the protolimb. Consequently the repeatability increased well and since all the interior set-up was more stable, the high sensitiveness was non a job. In order to analyze the parametric quantities different pieces were designed, the farther manufacturation was carried by Perimed. In the tabular array below X all the different pieces are list.WIDTH & A ; HEIGHT ( short cylinders )UPPER CONTACT AREA ( semicylinders )Hardness4cm diameter * 1.5cm tallness 10.3cm radius. 1cm height * 11.3cm lenght 1.3cm midst froth 4cm diameter * 0.85cm tallness 4cm radius. 1cm height * 15cm lenght 0.3cm midst froth 5cm diameter * 1.5cm tallness 4cm radius. 1cm height * 3.2cm lenght 5cm diameter * 0.85cm tallness 2.5cm diameter * 1.5cm tallness 2.5cm diameter * 0.85cm tallness Table Ten: all the pieces designed for farther trials. Since the detector is truly sensitive to temperature and fragile ( it brakes if the feeling country is somewhat folded ) a weight of 110g is used to look into if it is decently calibrated and if it works before each measuring. It is to be mentioned that the spines to repair all the objects on top of each other, and specially for repairing the Pucks on the feeling country brought two chief effects: the advantageous effect is that the objects moved from each other when there were high tortuosity or horizontal forces, which meant that the set-up with the force per unit area turnup had to be improved, merely perpendicular forces were aimed. The drawback is that because of the moving of the objects, the spines moved and they had to be replaced, which lead to 5 broken detectors. In order to pump the force per unit area cuff a manual force per unit area turnup was used at first half of the measurings until and automatic and more precise turnup was found in the company. That allowed to decrease the figure of perennial measurings. With the manual turnup, 20 measurings were considered to be necessary for each force per unit area value from the force per unit area turnup: 100mmHg, 75mmHg and 50mmHg in the bulk of the instances. The procedure got less boring and faster when utilizing the automatic force per unit area turnup, so, merely 4 measurings were carried for each value. The 100mmHg value was ever the get downing value, since it is a considerable high force per unit area the interior set-up can be moved. By get downing with this value we avoid mensurating the 40 other values ( 20 per 50mmHg and 20 per 75mmHg ) in vain. The 2nd job found on the manner of the measurings was that with the electronic circuit the values got saturated at 20mmHg. Therefore the V entire end product was changed from -1 V to -0.156 V to acquire lower electric resistance by the detector, in other words, to acquire higher values of force. Now the impregnation degre

Great collection of poems Essay

Philip Larkin wrote a great collection of poems of varying themes. These range from religion to the past to people. However a lot of his poems all have a common moral. It seems that at the end of his poems he reflects on the theme in his poem and finds a hidden meaning which relates to life in general. Most of these ‘morals’ however seem to show that he has found something very disappointing as a result. Some of his poems are also just reflections on something about life whether it’s to short or not worth it. ‘Days’ by Philip Larkin is a short poem which questions the nature of our existence. It talks about time passing and asks â€Å"what are days for? † He answers this question by say they are â€Å"where we live†. He also says that â€Å"they are to be happy in† but we can ask ourselves whether Larkin is happy. In the poem Larkin reaches a bizarre conclusion but not really the one he was looking for. The last verse begins with â€Å"Ah† as if in revelation Larkin has realised something. He tells us that solving the question of â€Å"what are days for? † means that â€Å"the priest and the doctor in their long coats† apparently come â€Å"running over the fields†. This is a strange conclusion but is Larkin’s way of telling us there is no answer. The priest represents the spiritual understanding of time and why we are here and the doctor represents the scientific answer. They are both wearing long coats, their typical dress as in a lab coat and religious robes. Both are â€Å"running over the fields† in an attempt to reach their goal which is the answer to Larkin’s question. His question is not really about days but is in fact asking why we are here? What is the point of time and us living in it? This is a very cynical view to take on life and express through his poetry. If Larkin is questioning his existence does he believe he actually has a purpose? This poem has a connection with ‘Toads’ and ‘Toads Revisited† where Larkin describes work as a boring, pointless portion of life and says it is a waste of time. ‘Ignorance’ is another poem in Larkin’s collection ‘The Whitsun Weddings’. Ignorance is the state of not knowing i. e. someone is ignorant. Larkin opens by saying â€Å"strange to know nothing,† this is neither question nor fact. Larkin could be imagining what it would be like to know nothing implying he is intelligent or he could be questioning everything he knows. The poem is written in simplistic language which is almost child-like. This makes the poem more daunting, making our education and knowledge insignificant. He is trying to persuade us that we can only be sure of one thing, complete ignorance. Larkin seems to agree with the saying ‘True Knowledge exists in knowing you know nothing’. The poem seems to be representing a forthcoming, inevitable end. The poem is really telling us that everything is available to be questioned or changed, nothing is certain. It is another way of questioning our existence showing again Larkin is so uncertain about life and he appears to be disappointed that there is no underlying purpose. ‘Faith Healing’ is another of Larkin’s poems in which he makes a disappointing conclusion on life. The poem is told by a persona watching a faith healing group. A faith healer is someone who has a connection with God and by seeing them you are able to make that connection to and be ‘faith healed’. The most famous faith healer would be Jesus who many people see as genuine however the persona in this poem is very cynical and believes this ‘performance’ going on in front of him is a big scam. The persona describes â€Å"the women† filing â€Å"to where he stands†. This shows that only women feel the need to be faith healed here ands it implies the gullibility of women because the persona is showing that men would not usually attend because they know it’s fake. The man at the front, the ‘faith healer’ is dressed as a vicar; â€Å"rimless glasses, silver hair, dark suit, white collar† This is to show his religious connection with God. His voice is American which is very stereotypical because these sessions are more common over there and are often broadcast on television. The poem goes on to describe the women being â€Å"clasped† by the man and how after the â€Å"twenty seconds† of being connected they are told to leave. It appears that many of these people are completely in awe after this experience because they believe strongly enough that they have been healed and touched by God. They all move â€Å"sheepishly stray†. This is a religious quote from the bible but it also shows that some of the people were in shock and are now scared to re-enter into their lives changed. The last verse shows the persona being very cynical about the experience and the reader gets the impression that he sees no point in what he has just witnessed. He comes to the conclusion that the reason these women have showed up and felt the need to be healed was because they are lonely and have lived a life unloved. The persona believes that no amount of faith or touch from the healer is enough to cure an inner awareness of life unloved. The faith healer asks all his followers â€Å"what’s wrong? † and the persona’s realisation is â€Å"alls wrong†. This poem also seems to show that Larkin is disappointed, not only in the women who have been taken in by what he believes to be a con but also life in general. His conclusion that life is lonely when not including love could reflect his own life because he never married and it could be said he never found happiness. From looking at Larkin’s life we could assume he found his own a disappointment because though he excelled in his writing and librarian status, he never started a family and was devastated when his father died, so much so he couldn’t write for a year. His disappointment of not starting a family with a woman could be illustrated in ‘Dockery and Son’ where he regrets not having a child to carry on the family name and relates life to being only â€Å"age, and then the only end of age†. In ‘This be the Verse’ Larkin blames all the things that go wrong in life on his or our parents. This is because we were brought up by them and they influenced us so much so that our life goes a certain way as a result of them. He concluded that life’s faults are there because your parents ‘fucked’ you up. Larkin also seemed to discuss fate occasionally and he believed everything must happen for a reason, so the reason his life would have been a disappointment would have been as a result of something he did, or in this case his parents did. ‘Mr Bleany’ and ‘Ambulances’ also question the nature of existence and conclude uncertainty. Most of the poems in the collection ‘The Whitsun Weddings’ all seem to conclude in the same certainty; that life is disappointing and never what you expect it to be. This seemed to be Larkin’s view on his life and he expressed this through his poetry which although sometimes is saddening is very thoughtful and effective in that it makes you consider his point of view, no matter how pessimistic it may seem.

Student Anaylsis on FritoLay's Dips Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Student Anaylsis on FritoLay's Dips - Essay Example Frito-Lay's capacity to realize this strategic objective is predicated on the company's ability to accurately identify the relevant strategic issues, understand the challenges to the realization of this goal, and analyze and evaluate its position. This report shall do just that, concluding with a set of recommendations. Frito Dips has been a major player in the salty snacks market with 33% market share. It is North America's largest and most popular snack food manufacturer, and controls a good third of the salty-snack market. Its position in the dips market, however, is unstable. This is largely because of the reputation of its competitors, which include Borden and Kraft, not to mention several local companies who are also determinedly trying to capitalize on the popularity of cheese dips' market. The fact is that the reputation of both Borden and Kraft in the cheese dip market function as an immediate obstacle to Frito-Lay's capacity to realize its strategic objective vis--vis the cheese dips' market. Considering Frito-Lay's supremacy in the salty snacks market and its status as an untested brand in the cheese dips market, several questions impose themselves upon us. As the company has enjoyed a solid profitability base, the question that now arises is how to sustain profit levels in the dips category The major problem lies in how to develop Frito Lays dips and capitalize on the new shelf stable sour cream based dip to maintain the high growth rates the company has achieved in recent years. Would the best future strategy be to pursue an aggressive promotion in the market for the chip-dip category which appears to be reaching saturation levels or develop the vegetable-dip category, which requires the development of new modes of marketing and entry into a hitherto unfamiliar market Indeed, the question is whether or not entry into segments of the snack food market where Frito-Lay does not have the consumer-base its competitors do and which already appear to be highly saturated is w ise. If there are profits to be accrued and a market segment to be capitalized upon, should Frito-Lay, Inc. seek entry into the cheese or the vegetable dips' markets Answers shall be provided in the form of recommendations, following a critical evaluative analysis of the market and Frito-Lay's position therein. Analysis and evaluation: The popularity of dips in general, as accompaniments to snacks and vegetables has grown in recent years. The vast majority of sales, however, estimated at 80%, occur through supermarket outlets, in addition to which, 45% of available dips are of the shelf stable variety. Out of the total $650 million in annual sales for all types and kinds of dips, the latter accounts for $185 million. Two-thirds of the available dips are the prepared, ready-to-serve, variety while the remainder is comprised of different kinds of dip mixes to be prepared at home. Sour cream based dips are most popular, accounting for 50% of total sales. The popularity of Mexican foods

Political Conflict between Iran and Israel Research Proposal

Political Conflict between Iran and Israel - Research Proposal Example The Israeli government has presented considerable argument regarding Iran’s development of nuclear technology along with their funding and support for a number of terrorist organizations in the Middle East, and Israel’s response towards these circumstances may have been arousing opposition and suspicion among international governments, agencies, and military leaders (Perkowich, 2005). Their attack on Iran may yield devastating consequences on human life as well provoke political hostility and military violence as these war preparations have been considered as one of the largest threats to political stability and international peace. Moreover, Iran-Israel war can bring about adverse effects on the economic conditions of both countries as well as other affected nations. The nuclear program of Iraq has become one of the most important issues for the global community over the past years. Initially, in 1968, Iran signed the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty as they frequently claimed that their nuclear activities are intended for peaceful and productive outcomes. However, in 2003 to 2005, it was reported by an Iranian opposition group that the implementation of nuclear program violated the signed agreement; consequently, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) carried out several rigorous inspections, revealing that Iran has been involved in a number of implicit nuclear activities such as the enrichment of uranium and plutonium separation efforts over the past two decades. As Iran’s case was reported to the United Nations Council in 2006, it was formally demanded that the nuclear program drop its reprocessing and enrichment activities (Kemp, 2003). However, contrary to legal decisions, Iran did not suspend such processes. There has been an agreement in the global community, particularly among the United States, Russia, and Europe, that nuclear weapons should not be obtained by Iran. If this is to happen, other Middle East countries such as S yria, Saudi Arabia, or Egypt, may be encouraged to make use of nuclear weapons, hence further weakening an unstable region (Tarock, 1999). Policies in Iran, along with aggressive statements presented by President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and other authorities in the country, have put forth the notion that nuclear weapons in Iran will pose considerable threats particularly to Israel. On the longer run, nuclear threats also await the United States, Russia, and Europe if Iran is to acquire long-range ballistic missiles and other nuclear weapons and resources. The current study, therefore, intends to examine the issue between Iran and Israel, particularly the impact of the former’s nuclear policies and program on the latter. It also aims to look into the consequences of Israel-Iran conflict on the economic performance of the Middle East and other affected nations.

Social work Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social work - Personal Statement Example f social assistance and responsibility, work to enhance practices of social work in developing countries, and successfully educate my audiences and patients on ways to empower themselves and pursue a healthy lifestyle. I enjoy helping people in need. Making a difference in people’s lives is the main reason for choosing a career in social work. I acquired some understanding in the field of family and child social care while growing up in a foster care ran by my aunt. I valued the intense hard work put into caring for the children individually. I realised from an early age that I would like knowing more about this field. I also volunteered at a child services centre to gain a better insight into the kind of skills and resources required to support needy children. I learned more about the role of a social worker in terms of working on multidisciplinary care reviews that helped the child services centre determine their current necessities and wishes. In the process, the centre recognized its future aims and preferred outcomes. Eventually, I helped the children become enabled, independent, realise their civil liberties, responsibilities, identity, and build on their self-worth. I enjoy dealing with children. At the social services centre, I offered constant emotional support to the children, especially during challenging events and development stages. This supports involves learning ways to communicate with children regarding sensitive more embarrassing issues in an appropriate way. As a result, I understood and was ready to support their responses to my social working skills and therapy methods. This post significantly enhanced my communication skills, patience with children, and initiative to offer social support. I needed this enhancement considering I only had experience with children going back to the foster care ran by my aunt when I was 12 years old. I enjoy helping children come more aware of newly learned principles and beliefs while expressing respect for

Online Education as an Agent of Transformation Article

Online Education as an Agent of Transformation - Article Example At the end, education is still expensive and the same learning materials are being used. The essence of innovation, for instance online education, should be satisfying the diverse needs of the students. In this view, online education has not successfully transformed the education sector. The argument that online education has not been an imperative strategy to transform the education is imperative. According to Lytle (Para. 2) Online learners achieve same scores as those who study on face-face teaching method. The fact that online students have more liberty to access online materials, they are expected to perform better. Indeed, the essence of innovation is to improve the learning process. In my own experience, I felt quite unsatisfied as I took my diploma in education. Online learning did not successfully meet my learning needs and I had to resort to a tutor to obtain clarifications. In this view, online education is necessary strategy but requires to be improved to adequately meet the learner’s

Pledge to Action against Cyber-bullying Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Pledge to Action against Cyber-bullying - Essay Example Internet has truly made our school life easier. Aside from this, the Internet also keeps us close with our peers, including the long-lost ones. Through instant messaging and social media, conversations are truly easy with just a click of a mouse. It, thus, draws us closer to our loved ones, and connects us to those whom we share our interests with. Along with the good sides of the Internet are its downsides as well. With the increasing popularity of Facebook and Youtube, people sometimes make use of the strong reach of such websites to spread bad rumors about other people. This, we all know, is cyber-bullying. As pointed out by Erick Fisher in his article entitled Blah Blah Blah Blog, cyber-bullying is a phenomenon that children and adolescents seem to be increasingly using to harm others. In addition to this, Childnet International claimed in its article entitled Safe to Learn: Embedding Anti-bullying Work in School that cyber-bullying is a common feature in the lives of many young people. This is also reinforced in the online research of Robert Bamford on Cyber-bullying which stated that the significant and substantial changes in youth society are a result of new information and communication technologies. Therefore, the ease of creating and communicating in cyber space has led to changing patterns of participation. In this light, we have become active shapers of the nature of cyber world due to our capacity to develop and refine cyber communication devices. Unfortunately, it has turned out to be a bad thing. As teens, we surely want to protect our identity, be it in the real or in the cyber world. Thus, there is a need for us to come together and put an end to cyber-bullying, or at least lessen the incidences related to this negative online phenomenon. While the oldies may point at promiscuity and decadent morals of teens as the primary culprits behind cyber-bullying, we can surely prove to them that we can make an act against cyber-bullying, an act that is not only substantial, but also cool. Appeal to the Youth: Act against Cyber-bullying We believe that we are shapers the shapers of tomorrow. The future lies in our hands. With the immensity of the opportunities that lie ahead of us, it is crucial for us to ensure that we always uphold human values which will protect the dignity of human person. We always need to side with the good. Therefore, as we recognize the convergence of the media—which creates a more convenient venue for inter-personal communication, we need to remain stable in our values. Although we believe that the ultimate key to solving cyber-bullying is through the education of our will to always respect other people, we think that we can further concretize our actions by drafting specific measures that are relevant to us youth today. With this, let us all join hands in tightening our campaign against cyber-bullying. Let us act now! Project PTAC: Pledge to Action against Cyber-bullying According to two great adve rtising gurus David Ogilvy and Leo Burnett, a great idea is useless unless there is solid execution. Thus, to ensure that our vision is turned into a reality, we would need to get the help of each one. Execution I: PTAC Website As what most people say, ‘keep your friends close, and your enemies closer’. Obviously, if we want to help lessen cases of cyber-bullying, we have to attack it not only in the right manner, but more importantly in the right venue. Thus, the first step is

Theology essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Theology - Essay Example But God surely kept His promise and showed to Abraham that his ancestors would be as numerous as the stars in the sky. In fact, God made a binding promise through a blood covenant. And indeed, that is what happened, thus God fulfilled His promise to Abraham. Abraham had a son, Isaac who then had a son, Jacob and their bloodline led to Jesus Christ. The second promise that God made to Abraham was of a spiritual nature. He promised to bless all nations in his Seed (Wiersbe, The Wiersbe Bible Commentary: Old Testament: The Complete Old Testament in One Volume 83). Through these promises it is clear that Israel was to be blessed and become an important country of the world. The Old Testament very often refers to Israel while the rest of the countries are referred to just when they have any involvement with Israel. Moses had faith in God at the most difficult of times. He defied Egypt and was not ready to take the position of the son of Pharaoh’s daughter although that would have been in his favor. Moses defied Egypt because he had faith in God and looked forward to spiritual rewards rather than the materialism that Egypt had to offer him (Wiersbe, Be Strong 46). There were times when it can be said that Moses’ faith dwindled (Copan 44). For instance, at the time he escaped when Israelites refused to acknowledge him. It is somewhat questionable that how Moses doubted himself though God had promised to be beside his side. Still, however, Moses was a great figure and very inspirational. His faithfulness is one to speak of. God made some promises to Moses one of which was that Pharaoh will let him go. He promised that Pharaoh will let the Israelites go and drive them out. God confirmed the promise and told Moses that He has control over everything and that Moses must remember Him. The third promise God made to Moses was that He will let them out, He will get them rescued, He will make sure about their redemption, He will consider them as His people,

Futuristic Theory in Designs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Futuristic Theory in Designs - Essay Example The future of technology is still promising. Futurologists have used designs to predict today’s impossibility that may become a reality tomorrow. The challenges and problems are many and require people to think beyond the current situation. Given that the problems can be predicted, designs can be used to predict the preferable solutions and alternatives for future problems.   The Foragers, Stop and Scan, Afterlife and EM Listeners will be the designs that will be analysed in the paper. The four designs are a representative of four significant concerns: the state of food security when the globe is overpopulated as represented by Foragers, dilemma of insecurity posed by terrorism as represented by Stop and Scan and EM Listeners. Finally, Afterlife is meant to be used domestically when euthanasia will become so common that it will be allowed in private homes for personal use. The designers in these projects are concerned with the expressive, functional, and communicative possibilities of the emerging technologies as well as the ethical consequences of the technology in social and cultural milieu. The designs, which are presented in photographic forms, are not predictive. They are meant to pose the question, â€Å"what if?† The designs create, imagine, dream and speculate on the technology that can mediate the world preferred by the people. As it will be seen, Dunne and Raby designs classified under the banner â€Å"between reality and the impossible† are a reflection of the complex and troubled people who are ready to explore solutions to the future challenges. The essay will argue that these designs are worth critical consideration and are a wake call by the designers to the concerned stakeholders to see the possibility and or impossibility of the projects and act before it is too late. The essay will propose that more critical designs are supposed to be created considering the technological future of the world. One such design is the one that could predict the future when the resources are completely depleted and the people turn to the unimaginable polythene materials for food. The theory about the future Between Reality and Impossible is a series of designs that Dunne and Raby made and were exhibited at the international design biennial in Saint Etienne (Regine 1). The designers also produced three dimensional designs that have been used to comment on the pressing issues about the development and growth of mankind. As speculative designs, the selected pieces heighten the experiences of the viewers to understand future themes. They depict four different scenarios that speculate on four pressing issues in the globalised society.The future is said to be unpredictable time period after the present, but is can be foreseen based on the present situations (Gaddis 56). The occurrence of the future is inevitable because time and other laws of physics exist. The resulting inevitability of the future has prompted the present to classify existence into permanent, temporary, and eternity (Gaddis 56). Permanence refers to that existence that will see the whole of the future while temporary is designated to the existence that will come to an end. The study of future or futurology has been stressed by modern practitioners, especially the emphasis of the prediction of an alternative future that is probable and p referable. Future has been explored through art, cultural practices, designs and other ways. For example, there was a futurism movement during the early 20th century that explored most media of art such as sculptures, theatre, music, architecture, and painting among others for their predictability. During this time, futurists were highly interested in the ideas of the future and were not held captive by the issues of past.

How to make it illegal for employers not to offer bike racks and Essay

How to make it illegal for employers not to offer bike racks and showers - Essay Example This research will begin with the presentation of the current state of workplace cycling campaign. The major benefit to employers is that healthy employees take fewer sick leaves and are more productive at the workplace. The health of employees is improved because cycling is a form of physical exercise which lowers blood pressure of people, improves weight control and improves the condition of the heart and lungs. Cycling employees are also very alert and they experience lower stress levels. Employees also arrive at work on or in time because cyclists are freed from traffic jams. Staff cycling also lowers direct costs of employers. Employees also travel cheaply using shared bicycles at the workplace; hence savings are made on bus fares, taxi costs and care to hire expenses. The organization also benefits from cheaper parking costs, this is because the cost of parking one car can adequately meet parking costs for more than 10 bicycles. Encouraging cycling also reduces company car expe nses because giving a bicycle and incentives make employees forego company car. Cycling also builds a greener corporate image; this is because companies encouraging staff cycling reduce effects of road congestion and associated air pollution. Employees also benefit from cycling in various ways. Staff cycling lowers the cost of employee travel; this is because the buying price of a bicycle is much less than the buying price of a car, cycling saves car parking fees, and employees incur fewer petrol bills and bus passes.

To Be Or Not To Be, Innit Essay Example for Free

To Be Or Not To Be, Innit Essay How does the introduction to To Be Or Not To Be, Innit use language to achieve its purposes and what issues does it raise about language and power? The purpose of the text To Be Or Not To Be, Innit is to persuade those who believe Shakespeare is not cool enough to be used in modern society to not take negative attitude towards him and his works, and as a result, educate youths into developing a passion for Shakespeare. The author believes that civilization has abandoned Shakespeare, and he wishes to once again return it and the excitement which was created when the works were first published. This is achieved through the genre of the introduction and the rest of the book, by merging both the old English of Shakespearian times and the modern teenage slang to create a text which appeals to both crowds. By attempting to use street language, the reader gains a sense of familiarity with the writer, and the humour is used to make Shakespeare interesting rather than as a joke. However, the author also uses many sophisticated phrases, quotes from Shakespeares texts, and the idea of educating the young in a modern way of learning to also encourage the older generations to read and enjoy the book. To persuade the younger readers that Shakespeare is exciting, he uses the example of if he were around today. When he was around, he was extremely popular, and by stating that Shakespeare would not care about the haters of his works with the words Am I bovvered? the writer states he would be too important to need to reply, as well as reflecting his cool factor by using young street-talk. Adults and older readers may use this text to gain an idea of how modern teenagers respond to language, and can use this as an example to attempt to interact with them. Both schools and libraries can use To Be Or Not To Be, Innit as a means of introducing children into Shakespeare without putting too much strain on them, and making it an enjoyable experience at the same time. Because of the use of language by the author, it is suggested that he must have an idea of both language in Shakespearian times, as well as all forms of modern day communication today. As a result, the book will have been written recently, by an adult who is experimenting to combine both forms of English to bring back to love of Shakespeare to modern society. Overall, the author uses a light-hearted, informal tone to convince the reader to think of him and Shakespeare as welcoming and familiar people, rather than distanced and adamant. He does this mainly through the various street language that he uses, but also the technique of using the terms us and we, rather than I. By using both colloquial speech, such as respect, massive and turf, fused with famous Shakespeare terms like alas, the novelist puts forward his ideas to both registers.

Analysis of the telecommunications industry in China

Analysis of the telecommunications industry in China Vodafone is a London-based major telecommunication firm employing over 84,000 employees worldwide as of 2010. They are in more than 20 countries and have partnership in another 40 more for total revenue in 2010 of  £44 billion.  [1]  There focus is on RD and license management which make Vodafone a leader in new technology and product development. With this reputation, a lot of local companies can be interested in partnership with Vodafone in order to gain a technological boost which can help them overtake on the local competition. In 2000, Vodafone added CMHK (China Mobile Hong Kong) to his partner list by buying 2.19% of the company shares at a price of $2.5 billion. Two years later a second purchase of $750 million increased their share to 3.2%. By creating this partnership, Vodafone gained access to over 477 million subscribers in Hong Kong and China. From CMHK side, the alliance with the British firm set the table for a technological innovation campaign. The first remarkable output of this collaboration was JIL (Joint Innovation Lab), with the goal of accelerating the innovation process.  [2]   China and the WTO -How has Chinas entry into the WTO affected Vodafones development in China and Hong Kong? -How has it affected foreign telecommunications in general? C:UsersMYDocuments2011-1à ­Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ªÃ‚ ¸Ã‚ °Ãƒ ªÃ‚ µÃ‚ ­Ãƒ ¬Ã‚  Ã…“à ªÃ‚ ²Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¬Ã‹Å" Ãƒ «Ã‚ ¡Ã‚  china telecom statistics.jpg After almost 15 years of negotiation, China joined WTO as of 11 December 2001. Before the adhesion, Chinas policy protected the national emerging telecom industries  [3]  while allowing only foreign equipment vendors to invest in Chinas economy.  [4]  The new contract gave entry to foreign investment for up to 49% of one of the local companys share in the 17 largest cities in China.  [5]   As well as other markets, Chinas telecommunication market is expected to grow very rapidly especially if open to foreign service suppliers. The whole market generated over $130 billion in 2010 and is expected to grow by an average rate of 8.8% in for the next five years. Thus overtaking Japan and becoming the leader in the Asian market.  [6]  For foreign investors, those odds were quite attracting. The Reality -Why has Vodafone still held a minority stake in CMHK? -What factors do you think have inhibited Vodafones investment in the Chinese telecommunications market? Still, even after the entry in the WTO, Chinas telecommunication market stayed under the large influence of the Ministry of Information Industry (MII). The maximum level of stake ownership was set up to 49% under WTO agreement but no foreign telecommunication companies got close to that number. Vodafone, for example, was planning to increase its share up to 20% by 2005; in 2009 the 3.2% was still the reality. The main problem in the Chinese market is a multitude of complex and multi-layered political, economic and cultural factors.  [7]  China is still operated with ancient art of Guanxi (network of contacts)  [8]  and MII is considered to be both regulator and party in Chinese telecommunication market. So even if the contract allows some expansion for foreign companies, the huge bureaucracy makes investing in China a long and laborious process. China Unicom and SK Telecom -What has China Unicom done in its attempt to remain competitive? What are the advantages and challenges of such a strategy, and how effective do you think it will be? In 2006, a few years after the entry of Vodafone in the Chinese market, SK Telecom of South Korea invested $1 billion in China Unicom. In total the South Korean firm received about 7% of the company shares in return of this investment. The great advantage for the Chinese giant was a possibility for a technological advancement. The two firms would now work together on handset development and IP sharing. China Unicom could then have a glance at foreign technology, just like their main competitor did 6 years ago with Vodafone. For SK Telecom, the transaction was also a great advancement. It allowed them to gain entry in the protected Chinese market and escape the South Korean saturated market. On the other hand, as part of the contract, China Telecom had to accept SK Telecom as the sole partner until the end of 2007.  [9]  In technology business, one year and a half tied to only one partner could hold you backward. Another foreign company could release a great new technological advancement and it would be impossible for China Unicom to get their hands on it. The Third Giant: China Telecom -What actions do you think China Telecom should take, given the competitive position of the CMHK-Vodafone and China Unicom-SK Telecom partnership? The telecommunication market in China has been quite homogeneous so far. Looking for foreign partnership could be a way to get a hand on advanced technology or management system that would give the firm a competitive advantage over their competitors, especially since the two other leading companies already stepped forward by accepting foreign investment. With that in mind, China Telecom should get into a serious search for a foreign partner in order to keep up with the competition. But what if those foreign partnerships were not as successful as planned? In fact, in September 2010, Vodafone sold their 3.2% stakes in China Mobile, pocketing $6.5 billion which is nearly twice the original investment4. After the sale, CMHK and Vodafone will continue to cooperate in areas such as roaming, network roadmap development, multinational customers, and green technology and so on  [10]  . Vodafone left with a profit and the alliance stayed but most of the cooperation died in the separation process. What about China Unicom and SK Telecom? Well in November 2009, the Korean firm sold the whole 3.8% stake of China Unicom to unknown buyer(s). SKT also earned more than 50% of their initial investment but abandoned their business plans in China. China Unicom dropped CDMA business, which was SKTs main strength, and absorbed China Netcoms GSM part and decided to focus on GSM. However, SKT is continuing cooperation in technology and conversion service area.  [11]   Accepting foreign investment is not a definite key to success. As said before, China used to be a quite closed and homogeneous market, so as the customers. Outsiders may have a hard time to understand how to conduct business in China and how to understand the needs of its people. In brief, the most important is for the host company to analyze how foreign firm could help them in their actual market and if the fusion can be done efficiently. Surely in a few years there will be a lot of success story in the telecommunication firm in China, but for now China Telecom is better not to jump on the first offering.