Puritanistic view on adultery in The Scarlet Letter an Example of the Topic Literature Essays by

Puritanistic view on adultery in The Scarlet Letter The psychological and moral issues of the book, written more than 150 years ago, are still relevant to contemporary society. By breaking the community's morals and standards, a woman had suffered for the rest of her life and reaped the fruits of sin in her own child. In "The Scarlet Letter" Nathaniel Hawthorne explores the realms of the sense of guilt as experienced by three principal characters - Hester Prynne, Arthur Dimmesdale, and Roger Chillingworth - living in the seventeenth-century Puritan society. The thrust of Hawthorne's classic is that isolation and morbidity are the results not of man's living in sin but of his living in a Puritan society. Need essay sample on "Puritanistic view on adultery in "The Scarlet Letter"" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Our Customers Usually Tell EssayLab specialists: Who wants to write essay for me? Essay writer professionals recommend: Academic Papers For Sale Buy Essay Online Writing Service Best Essay Writing Service Cheap Essays Within Hours Cheap Reliable Essay Writing Service The Puritans, who were believed to use the 'pure' Bible interpretations and were known for their intolerance to theater, music, and extravagant dress, however, excluded traditional practices of the church, when they migrated from England. In the new colony, the society, religion and government turned out to be in close cooperation. The past experience of punishment and religion-based laws, which were enforced, have created a certain aura in the Puritan society and affected all spheres of Boston life. Therefore, every citizen was involved in justice system, the Church and community at one time, and his reputation was a sole foundation for the Puritan society. So, adultery, committed by married woman, became publicly known, and, as an intolerable action, this act deserved the severest punishment. Goodwives the members of the Church and ladies with good reputation have been arguing about it, while waiting for Hester Prynne. For them she was nothing but malefactress, who caused scandal in Reverend Master Dimmesdale's congregation, who brought shame upon the whole society, and she deserved death or, at least, a brand on her forehead. (Hawthorne chapter 2). In this case, both the Scripture and the statute-book supported the resolution. It was the standpoint of the Puritan society. The Puritanistic view was that Hester must either die or wear the sign, which would represent her sin and remind her and the society all she had done. The shame on the scaffold and the scarlet letter was not considered as a fair punishment for such an unacceptable crime. They excluded any idea of forgiveness and mercy; for them, adultery was a grave and unpardonable sin, a heavy burden in this life and eternity the Puritans have already predetermined her destiny. Virtue, based on dedication, prayers and inner examination, had provided peace and organization in church and government; it was the Puritan culture they molded and strictly followed. The community, Hester Prynne had lived in, had shaped her character and insights. While Hester was standing on the scaffold, surrounded by the raged crowd, subconsciously she realized that the society was involved in the crime and her life now, as it would stay involved in the future. The Puritan concepts became a part of her, and Hester's existence would now be interrelated with the sin of adultery and the beliefs and perception of the society. However, Hawthorne stresses that "morally, as well as materially, there was a coarser fibre in those wives and maidens of old English birth and breeding than in their fair descendants" (Chap. 2). The church-members have stated judgment, turning the blind eye towards the Lord's words: "If any one of you is without sin, let him be the first to throw a stone at her" (NIV John 8:7). Hawthorne parallels God's mercy, grace and forgiveness in the very beginning, telling that "the condemned criminal, as he came forth to his doom", was given a chance to enjoy "the fragrance and fragile beauty" of the rose-bush in token that the deep heart of Nature could pity and be kind to him" (Chap. 1). But, the scarlet letter "A" upon Hester's bosom separated her from normal human relations and imprisoned her in a 'self' sphere. The strict and pitiless Puritans made a prison in Hester's heart and depicted pessimistic future for human suchlike. Nevertheless, Hester in her "moral agony" found comfort in "her pride, her daring" (Bloom 34). Her inner strength was enough to stay in the community that turned its back to her, instead of looking for another place to start a new life. After imprisonment, she made her mind to redeem the sin of adultery by good deeds, kindness, generosity, credit, and alienation. Hester Prynne has proven that she was worth of social trust and normal life. Her sin gave her "sympathetic knowledge of the hidden sin in other hearts" (Chap.5), she felt the problems of others and helped needy ones; Hester really cared about the people, disregarding their attitude and gratitude. Living in isolation, she made the best she could to drive away the Puritan idea that sin permanently misrepresents the human personality. On the other hand, Dimmesdale was not as good in this situation as Hester was. Since the very start his took a position of a liar and was hiding the burden till his death. For Puritan society Arthur Dimmesdale was a minister, a brilliant preacher and sinless man. Just like the Puritan society at a whole, he was intolerant to weaknesses of other people, but loyal to his own sins. While Hester, with his own child, was standing on the scaffold, he dared to ask her to speak out the father's name. By his own words, Dimmesdale doomed himself to tortures and the burden of guilt "better were [to stand there beside thee] than to hide a guilty heart through life" (Chap.5). The scarlet token "A" on his breast left no peace and order for his heart. Neither exhausting fasts, nor physical tortures could take away the burden of guilt. Once standing on the scaffold at a night time, he felt that the whole universe was starring at him and the fear of committed sin went through his life. The eloquent Reverent Dimmesdale was a "viler companion of the vilest, the worst of sinners" (Chap.11); thus, depicting the picture of the whole Puritan society, and "the burning wrath of the Almighty" (Ibid) was upon his soul. The Dimmesdale's hypocrisy is a symbol of Puritanism, though an adulterer was regarded as the most holy man. His sermons were addressed to sinners, yet he was one of them; Puritans fled from English intolerance, but failed to apply tolerant attitude to weak and needy. His authoritative and impressive preaching shows the power of the Puritan Church; but his weak character and poor health evoke pity and compassion, rather than respect. Just like the Puritan Boston, 'the light to the world' and the 'city on the hill', which, at the same time, mixes old traditions and ideals, Arthur was afraid of the scaffold and public disgrace. Only in darkness, representation of this heart's condition, his intentions came alive to make an outcry to hypocrisy. Once again, Arthur Dimmesdale showed that Puritans consider personal good reputation as a genesis of peace and order. His success in community was gained by "his intellectual gifts, his moral perceptions, his power of experiencing and communicating emotion" (Chap.11), but it did not give him rest for his burdened soul. Though, his sin of adultery was hidden from outer world, this black secret had been destroying his heart. Hester was imprisoned by community perception of her sin; on the other hand, Dimmesdale was imprisoned by his own perception of the sense of guilt. Night confessions did not ease the pain, for the sin was not revealed to people (Bryson 87). Yet, after an astounding sermon, he publicly confessed his sin and, released from the burden of sin, died. Elizabeth Poe, in her "Teacher's Guide to "The Scarlet Letter", have listed three main characters, contrasted and portrayed feelings that come up while reading: Hester Prynne her plight can arose sympathy. Arthur Dimmesdale his hypocrisy can provoke anger. Roger Chillingworth his evil revenge can elicit disgust. (Poe, p.2). The only negative character in "The Scarlet Letter" seems to be third one Roger Chillingworth or Prynne, as he used to be. As a real husband and the only supporter of the family, he, however, refused to take the responsibility and accept his wife's unfaithfulness. He chose the way of tortures for others and himself. As a man with a strong character, he came along with an idea of loosing the family, when he watched the scene of public disgrace and rage addressed to his ex. But, as a man of honor, he craved for revenge. As soon as he identified the 'fellow-sinner', Chillingworth planed future torments he deserved. A former scholar, Roger Prynne, became a famous doctor, Roger Chillingworth; however, the bodily disease of Arthur Dimmesdale was neither cured, not eased. He wanted to drag the confession out of his wife's lover, by sufferings and tortures, as a man without compassion, strong physically, as well as mentally. The turning point of his revenge was after Dimmesdale's public confession till that moment, Chillingworth was playing games on his mind. While Hester and Dimmesdale became stronger, while suffering tortures and misunderstanding, because of the good intentions they had; Chillingworth found himself in meaningless situation after Arthur's death. An educated scholar had sacrificed everything (his "intellect had now a sufficiently plain path before it") and dedicated his life to revenge (he "was really of another character than it had previously been" (Chap.11)). Besides, Hester and Arthur were a part of the Puritan society and church, while Chillingworth stayed aside from the community life. Roger had missed his chance to live a life of his own; therefore, he had no goal to live for. In Hester's and Dimmesdale's cases, their lives were sacrificed for the good of the society; but Chillingworth's isolation and anti-social revenge had sentenced him to death. Works Cited Barker, Kenneth. "The NIV Study Bible". Zondervan Publishing House. 1984. Bloom, Harold. "The Scarlet Letter". Blooms Notes. New York: Chelsea, 1996. Bryson, Norman. "Hawthorne's Illegible Letter." Critical Interpretations. Ed. Harold Bloom.New York: Chelsea, 1984. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. "The Scarlet Letter". The Literature Network. June 28, 2007 Poe, Elizabeth. "A Teacher's Guide to the Signet Classic Edition of Nathaniel Hawthorne's "The Scarlet Letter". Penguin Group. 2004 http://us.penguingroup.com/static/pdf/teachersguides/scarletletter.pdf>

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buy custom Culture and Communication essay Introduction Culture is defined as a specific lifestyle practiced by a group of people and comprising their values, beliefs, artifacts, ways of behaving, and ways of communicating. Also included in a culture are all that members of a social group have produced and developed, such as their language, modes of thinking, art, laws, and religion. Culture is passed on from one generation to the next through communication. Cultures differ in how their members communicate. In the face of globalization, businesses have to equip their environments to deal with diversity that calls for understanding of the differences of communication in different cultures of the workforce and continuing to establish effective cross cultural communication amongst all the members of the workforce (English142). Before we go deep into the differences caused by the cultures, it is important to first understand what culture really is and its characteristics that make it such an important influencer of employees everyday communic ation. Culture Defined Culture is the root of any society which gives it a flavor and a wholesome environment for individuals to form beliefs, views, perceptions and attitudes. Thus, culture is a set of beliefs, attitudes and values that are learned from living in a society which influence the behavior of individuals living in a particular society. Culture is an external influence upon an individual and includes all the forces that other people may induce upon him. This includes the standards raised by the people themselves living in a society for long. This is the reason why different areas have different cultures and societal norms, as they are man made and which ever object is man made and artificial is bound under variations (Carbough 93). Culture is surely man-made and not natural but it naturally affects the behaviors and communication of people who live by it. Culture shapes all the communication attributes of a person, including his beliefs, values and morals, which are hard to mould and can produc e a significant impact upon his many decisions, including purchase decisions (English 134). Culture is thus, a complex entity with several interdependent components. Two such components that play a major role in culture are beliefs and values. Beliefs consist of the thoughts and statements that reflect the comprehensive understanding of various things in the environment. Values, on the other hand, are not the same things as beliefs. Where beliefs can be many, values are few in number and are different for each society. They are sets of appropriate behaviors that are standardized by the society, and all members are bound by them. Together with knowledge, these components form customs and traditions and as whole an entire culture, that does adapt to the changing environment slightly, but stick well to its valued roots, such as the cultures in Asian countries which are still being strong (Peterson 136). Characteristics of Culture that Impact Communication Following are the major characteristics of culture that strongly influence the buying behavior of the consumers: It is Comprehensive Culture presents a comprehensive outlook whereby all rules, norms, customs, traditions, beliefs, knowledge, and standards match well and coincide with each other and not contradict each other on any ground. That is, all the elements are present in a logical pattern and are more or less similar to each other. Thus, the behaviors and communication of the members closely reflect the cultural standards, whereby the members communicate accordingly to what is set as right in their culture and doing what is considered vile is never accepted by them (Peterson 89). It is Learned Culture is the environment that a person lives in throughout his life, and the beliefs, attitudes, values, etc., are all taught to him through this environment. Culture is man-made and a person is not born with the values and beliefs vested in a culture, they are in fact learned as the child grows (Bonvillain 112). Culture is passed from one generation to another through enculturation, a process by which the members learn the culture into which they are born. A different way of learning is through acculturation, a process by which the members learn the rules and norms of a culture from the native culture. Through acculturation, the original or native culture is modified through direct contact with or exposure to a new and different culture (Peterson 190). It is Set under Boundaries Culture is bound under the acceptable and standard behavior of a society. This is what is taught to the offspring as they grow up. There are boundaries of acceptable right and unacceptable wrong behavior, in between which the culture resides (Peterson 192). It is Either Dynamic or Static Cultures can be dynamic and static. Being dynamic means they are open to change and adapt with the demands of changing times. Being static means the culture does not change any of its beliefs, values or customs. An example of sch dynamism would be the change in family structure in Singapore, where now more American culture is prevailing and youngsters are residing independently and not with parents after the age of 18. For cultures that are dynamic, the employees adjust well in culturally different environment that they face in the workplace, something which is very different for the members of the static cultures to do, as it leaves less room for adaptations (English 137). It is Free of Conscious Awareness There is limited conscious awareness of cultural beliefs, customs and norms. And also, there is a lack of information and learning about other cultures, where several conflicts occur due to misunderstandings and communication gaps. It Satisfies Needs Cultural standards have been formed in each society based on the experiences of its founders. Every group has its own experiences based on which it sets standards. It is also the case with a society, which takes up tried actions and establishes them as standards for the future prosperity of its members. Guidance and teaching being the core functions of a culture, it evolves within a society to include better rules and standards (English 140). It is Shared The best part about culture is that it exists among a group and lives through interactions and relationships. Culture prevails in a society through one generations passing on values and beliefs to another, as well as through communication and relationships. Culture links its members and promotes socialization. This is the very socialization that influences to a great extent the consumer perceptions about brands (English144). Differences between Cultures that Create Barriers in Cross Cultural Communication Different societies around the world are found to have different cultures. Researchers have found out that there are several dimensions of culture that cause such a difference. These dimensions include individual or collective orientations of a culture, whether the culture is high text or low text, the power distances that exist in the culture, gender norms, standards and values, and uncertainty avoidance. Each of these is discussed now in detail (English145). Individual and Collective Orientation Cultures are different in the way they promote individual values (for example, power, achievement, hedonism, and stimulation) versus collectivist values (for example, benevolence, tradition, and conformity). One of the major differences between these two orientations is the extent to which an individuals goals or the groups goals are given precedence. This difference is reflected in advertisements. In Korea, a more collectivist culture, advertisements rely on appeals that emphasize benefits to the group, harmony and family integrity (Devito 92). High and Low Context Cultures In a high context culture most of the information in communication is in the context or in the person. This may include information that was either exchanged via prior communications, or via making assumptions, or via common experiences. In a low context culture the bulk of the information is expressly delivered by verbal means. Collectivism is another distinctive feature of high text cultures. These cultures (Japanese, Arabic, Latin American, Thai, Korean, Apache, and Mexican) place great emphasis on personal relationships and oral agreements (Greetz 231). Low context cultures, then, are also individualistic cultures. It takes much longer for members of high context cultures to establish an interpersonal and social contact before they are ready to start any vital transactions. On the other hand, members of low context cultures need far less time to get to know each other and therefore do not possess shared experience. Consequently, to the member of the high-context culture, every de tail omitted or assumed is vital for communication whereas, for the member of the low-context, what is omitted creates ambiguity (Devito 94). Power Distances In some cultures power is concentrated in the hands of few and there is a great difference in the power held by these people and by the ordinary citizens. These are called high power distance cultures. Examples of such cultures are Mexico, Brazil, India and Philippines. In low power distance cultures (examples include Denmark, New Zealand, Sweden, and to a lesser extent the United States), power is more evenly distributed throughout the citizenry. These differences impact on consumer behavior in a number of ways. In the workplace of low power distance cultures, a member is expected to confront a friend, partner, or supervisor. In high power distance cultures, direct confrontation and assertiveness may be viewed negatively, especially if directed at a superior. Masculinity Vs Femininity In some cultures, males are deemed the sole bread winners of the family due to their superiority to females, whereas females job is limited to the care of the family and household chores. This is so because of the gendeer characteristics associated with each. Traits such as boldness, aggressiveness and command are considered important for supporting females and infants. On the other hand, females are humble, emotional and articulate, so they are given the household responsibly. This is not the case in all cultures. Some cultures give women equal opportunities as men, and they too function as the breadwinners of the family. This drift is mainly caused by the cultural adaptations to changing times (Peterson 195). Uncertainly Avoidance Cultures tend to live under either a structured or an unstructured environment regarding consequences and situations, relating to various situations. The more structured the culture prefers to keep the situations, the more certainty it prefers and avoids ambiguity and is able to tolerate risk. Thus, for such a culture a high level of uncertainty avoidance means high tolerance and preparation for risk suppression. On the other hand, cultures that live in uncertain situations are bound to face challenges and panic to the end (Devito 101). Affect of Cross Cultural Communication in the Workplace So far the discussion has been focused on the cultural differences. It is now time to discuss further the impacts that these differences make on the communication between workers belonging to different cultures in the workplace. When members of different cultures come together to work under one roof their interactions and the consequences of those interactions have large impacts upon the workplace. The workplace suffers from communication barriers and cultural shock that affects the overall productivity of the workplace (Samovar and Porter 128). Communication Barrier Different orientations of culture act as a communication barrier amongst the many members of the workplace who continue to communicate in their own set ways and produce ambiguity and uncertainty after receiving or sending ends of the communication process (Ting-Toomey 242). Effective communication is thus distorted and when misunderstandings take place, performance levels go down (Peterson 198). Culture Shock People experience culture shock when they enter an environment which is very different from what they are used to (Reisinger 81). It is normal but it makes the person very agitated and frustrated, and his work performance is highly affected as he fails to merge his own culture in the new one where some or most of his beliefs have no place. The cultural shock occurs in four stages as outlined by the anthropologist Kalervo Oberg in 1960 (Devit 93). These four stages are: Stage one: The Honeymoon at first there is fascination, even enchantment with the new culture and its people; Stage two: The Crisis differences between your own culture and the new one create problems; Stage three: The Recovery skills necessary to function effectively are gained; Stage four: The Adjustment adjustment to the new culture and experiences Effective Cross Cultural Communication Strategies There are principles that can be used to counteract the problems that result from differences in cultural communications and to make the cross-cultural communication more effective. These principles include: Learning about the culture through reading or observing; Recognizing and facing fears regarding cross cultural communication; (Peterson 100) Recognizing differences between yourself and those who are culturally different; Recognizing differences among culturally different group (English143); Recognizing differences in meaning in the other culture of words and of people; Following cultural rules and customs (Devito 96). Conclusion Culture is by the far the biggest influence upon an individual from the external environment. Culture forms a persons beliefs, values, norms and moral attitudes. Each culture has its own set of beliefs and values that it passes onto the next generation. Communication plays a vital role in the passing on of culture from generation to generation, or from a new organisation into a new employee (Chaney 15). The problem arises when two or more cultures create conflicting situations for employees in a workplace. For example, a member of one culture may find interacting more fondly and too frankly with co-workers a way to develop good acquaintances. This may be offensive to members of some cultures, where close interactions with distant acquaintances is not an appropriate way to communicate. With the advent of globalization, more and more companies are embracing diverse work groups, where cultural differences have to be settled and improved and communication has to be established to ensure an effective work environment for all. But this is not an easy task, as several cultural differences exist with regard to communication. Understanding and respecting one anothers culture is crucial to bridging the communication gap. Buy custom Culture and Communication essay

Complete the Statistical Process Control for the Process Term Paper

Complete the Statistical Process Control for the Process - Term Paper Example Leading tools in Statistical process control are control charts, which is based on constant perfection and premeditated testing. Control charts, also recognized as process-behavior charts. In statistical process control, control charts are key practice utilized to establish whether or not a production or commercial process is in a condition of statistical control. The control chart can be envisioned as ingredient of a purpose and regimented approach that permits acceptable judgments concerning organization and management of the process, as well as whether or not to alter process control constraints. Process constraints should never be altered for a procedure that is in proper organization, as this will consequence in despoiled process routine. Being insightful of a process, the process is characteristically mapped out and the process is controlled using control charts. Control charts are utilized to recognize disparity that may be due to special causes, and to liberate the consumer f rom apprehension over disparity due to common causes. This is a nonstop, continuing process. When a procedure is steady and does not activate any of the detection rules for a control chart, a process competence analysis may also be carried out to forecast the capability of the present procedure to manufacture compliant products in the upcoming activities surrounded by specifications. A control chart comprises of points on behalf of a statistical mean, range, and proportion of dimensions of a quality feature in illustrations (samples) opted from the procedure at dissimilar points in time. The mean of this statistic process control utilizing the entire collections of the sample is enumerated; it incorporates the mean of the means, mean of the ranges, and mean of the proportions. A middle line is placed at the numerical value of the mean of the statistical process control chart. The standard error meaning the standard deviation/sqrt(n) for the mean of the statistic is in addition preme ditated by means of the entire collections of all the samples. Upper and lower control limits, at times termed as "natural process limits", designate the threshold at which the procedure output is measured statistically improbable are drawn characteristically at 3 standard errors starting from the center line. The chart can also be additionally equipped with possible features, like upper and lower warning limits, placed as detached lines, characteristically two standard errors on top of and underneath the center line, as well as separation into zones, with the accumulation of regulations leading frequencies of interpretations in every zone in addition to it can also encompass the explanation with procedures of interest, as explicated by the Quality Engineer in command of the process's quality. Control charts put 3-sigma or 3-standard error limits on the few foundations, these foundations include the common consequence of Chebyshev's inequality that the probability of an occurring bi gger than k standard deviations as of the mean is at mainly 1/k2 for any probability distribution. The better-quality product of the Vysochanskii-Petunin inequality that the probability of a event larger than k standard deviations as of the mean is of the value maximum 4/(9k2) for any uni-modal probability distribution. The empirical examination of various probability distr

Case study for nursing-hypertension Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Case study for nursing-hypertension - Essay Example On the other hand, secondary hypertension refers to hypertension brought about by secondary causes like Cushing’s syndrome or other congenital abnormalities (Wellhoner et al, 2009). Given these classifications, Mrs. Girder’s condition is assessed to be related with primary or essential hypertension. Family history of the client suggests a possibility for hypertension as her mother died of heart attack; her father with kidney failure; while her grandmother has type 2 diabetes (age onset). Another key point is that Mrs. Girder’s lifestyle is also contributing to the disease. Her minimal physical activities, uncontrolled diet, tobacco and alcohol intake, stress and agitations, are all significant factors to consider (Warren, 2008). Based on the client’s observation and test results, her respiration rate is 28 breath/min; pulse is 95 bpm; BP 160/100mm Hg, 2nd reading after 10 minutes resting is 150/95mmHg; Reflectometer cholesterol testing reveals a total cholesterol of 7.5 mmol/L and her HDL:LDL ratio is lower than recommended standards. (LDL-C=1.5); BSL (non-fasting) – 9.2 mmol/L; Temperature – 36.90C; Weight – 95kg; Height – 160cm; Waist measurement – 100cm. She is also nervous and agitated because she was rushing to get to the appointment according to the doctor. Hypertension is often termed as a â€Å"silent killer† because it could progress without displaying any symptoms until it finally develop any one or more fatal complications like stroke or heart attack. Nevertheless, people with uncomplicated hypertension may experience severe headaches, dizziness, or sometime kidney failure (Cunha, 2009). In the case of Mrs. Girder, she lately has experienced an increase in urinary frequency and persistent headaches which are both associated with hypertension. Moreover, her experience with the aggressive taxi driver which caused her great stress and anxiety also resulted to her increased blood pressure

Brave New World Critical Lens Essay Example for Free

Brave New World Critical Lens Essay â€Å"I have freedom,† you say? Do you really? Perhaps, in some ways, you do. But in the end, you’re just another puppet being controlled by invisible strings whether you know it or not. â€Å"Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains,† Jean-Jacques Rousseau once said. In society, man is â€Å"chained† and controlled by the government, by pressure of conforming to the social norms, by wealth and social class, and by one’s desires and emotions. Prior to birth, man is not restricted by such factors but that is merely a fleeting moment as he is slowly exposed to more and more of the world. I agree that â€Å"everywhere [man] is in chains,† but on the contrary, I believe man is already chained from the start—that man is never free. In the novel, Brave New World, by Aldous Huxley, babies are â€Å"decanted† and conditioned to play out their predestined roles in the World State. As early as the embryonic stage, babies-to-be already have their fates determined for them. In addition to conditioning, a drug called soma that induces a false sense of happiness dominates these people’s lives. As long as there is society, there will be shackles. Subjects of the World State were pre-separated into specific caste levels through processes such as the Bokanovsky Process, hypnopaedia, and Pavlovian conditioning. As mere embryos, they were already being trained for their predestined fates. By the time they reached the end of the â€Å"assembly line,† freedom did not exist anymore. They were enslaved to society. They were conditioned to strictly love and enjoy the aspects of their own castes and dislike the aspects of other castes. â€Å"We also predestine and condition. We decant our babies as socialized human beings, as Alphas or Epsilons, as future sewage workers†¦ (13)† stated the Director of Hatcheries matter-of-factly. How can man be born—or in this case, decanted ¬Ã¢â‚¬â€free if he can’t even make his own major life decisions or think for himself? Aside from conditioning, World State citizens so easily obeyed the government because they lived in such a â€Å"perfect† world that there just wasn’t anything to complain about. Generally, they didn’t have any problems in regards to sickness, death, desires, old age, passion, relationships and other issues that were often associated with an â€Å"unstable† society. â€Å"People are happy; they get what they want, and they never want what they can’t get.  (220)† If anything â€Å"bad† happened, all they had to do was take a tablet. â€Å"And do remember that a gramme is better than a damn. (55)† The World State government kept their people in â€Å"bottles.† â€Å"’Each one of us, of course†¦goes through life inside a bottle,’ stated Mustapha Mond. (222-223)† The government expected everyone to act according to the standard of infantile behavior—of simple satisfaction, ignorance, and lack of self-restraint and they condemned anyone who acted otherwise. Citizens of the society were encouraged to take soma when distressed and attend social events and activities and so on. It was through such ways that the people were kept distracted and obliviously controlled. These â€Å"socialized human beings† were so ignorant of the shackles around their limbs that they didn’t even try or think to take them off. When a man is born with chains—metaphorically speaking, of course—he is unaware of them. And if he is unaware of them, then there is no way for him to escape them. Such is the case with the people of the World State. They are conditioned to accept and even enjoy whatever path that is laid out in front of them. In this illusion of a perfect world, everyone is happy and without a care as the government does all the thinking for them. Ultimately, people of the World State are permanently trapped in a stage of â€Å"infancy†Ã¢â‚¬â€even upon their deathbeds.

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Pre-Destination vs. Self-Determination People like to believe that they have the freedom to choose to be or do whatever it is that they want to be or do; it is, however, quite the opposite. This sense of freedom is called self-determination. At the other end of the spectrum, when no matter what we do seems to make any difference or when events just seem to happen and we think about them as being out of our control or somehow planned by some force unknown to us (such as a God), that is called pre-destination. Self-determination has its limitations as to what people are allowed to do, but pre-destination has no limits of any kind. Self-determination is, in fact, used to mask pre-destination, to keep people content in following a pre-set path that life offers. Without pre-destination, how do we know what the weather will be like, or if the sun rises, or if someone will stop at a red light? Without these paths where would our lives be going? People do these every day things that are simply there to keep them going down the pa th that they have always been on. When people get off that path, such as when they stop doing drugs, then their lives are on a new track. But the new track doesn’t necessarily have anything unique about it, it’s just a new path and already pre-determined. And once on a path, it is very difficult to veer away from the pre-determined, pre-disposed activities that a particular lifestyle requires. Smith 2 Pre-destination, not our life choices, guides our lives. There is no other way to explain things such as people who grow up poor yet somehow manage to create a multinational company and become multimillionaires. Although some might say that these people chose to follow a particular path that led them to their fame and fortune. Instead, it should be argued that even if these people were born poor, they were they were destined to create that company. They were given the drive to make that company into what it was. Anyone can choose to start a company, but few actually have the ability to make that company a success. Choice does not have anything to do with ability: I choose to be a billionaire but I do not have the bank account to be one. Predestination explains almost ninety percent of what happens in the world, from birth to death, and even pure luck.

The Job Description of A Budgeting Manager

One of the most important functions that budgeting accounts for is the planning function1. We will be arguing for the importance of the planning function in the overall budgeting activity and will be arguing for the many ways the budgeting planning function is coordinating with the company's strategic planning. First of all, the planning function in terms of budgeting refers to the planning activities that the company, starting with the financial department, needs to (1) determine what the company's long-term strategy is, (2) determine what projects bring most added value to the company and (3) determine what priority these projects should have. Let's refer to each of these steps in part and determine how they impact the budgeting strategy of a company. The long-term strategy for a company is essential in determining the overall objective of a company. For the long run, this may be increasing the volume of sales or increasing the market share or promoting the company's image. In any case, these differ in terms of the projects they will imply and the ways they will be affecting the budgeting strategy. For example, increasing sales will perhaps only include increasing spending on advertising and the promotion budget, while promoting the company's image may include costly promotion campaigns that will have a significant impact on the company's budgeting management. The second issue is a project portfolio management issue. The economic theory tells us that the resources are always limited, while the needs are not. Applied in this particular case, this means that we are always likely to have a greater number of projects we will wish to perform than the financial resources the company will have at a certain point. This is where the selection issue, corroborated with the budgeting strategy comes in the game. The top management, working with the financial department, will need to establish which are the projects that bring highest added-value to the company and spend the company's budget on those alone. The selection phase can only come hand in hand with a proper planning of the budgeting activity. On one hand, we have the projects the company wishes to perform, on the other, we have the budgeting restrictions. In terms of budgeting planning, the company and the top management needs to ensure that projects deriving from the current selection will also have sources of financing. An example will properly elucidate this perspective. We will simply take a software project. In the beginning, the primordial activities refer to selecting the working team and creating a project on which work will be done (following the customer's requirements). On the other hand, while the initial part of the project is strictly related to the programming stage, one mustn't ignore the fact that, after the project is completed, a tester also needs to be hired in order to test the project's performances. This means that the initial budgeting scheme will need to be created so as to include several other subsequent factors, factors that are likely to appear at a certain time in the future. Finally, the third phase of the selection phase, correlated with the budgeting procedures, involves deciding on the projects' priority. This is basically an issue of deciding which of the projects bring added value to the company and to the company's activities. This means that planning your budgeting policy also needs to consider the future plans in the company. If the company will want to develop different areas into the future, then the budgeting campaign needs to be designed so as to cover any future needs of the company. This is practically what the planning function in terms of budgeting refers to. The argumentation we have previously presented practically comes forth so as to demonstrate the close connection existing between budgeting and budget planning and the company's overall planning strategies. Indeed, the budgeting policies serve to help the company fulfill its long-term plans and projects, as well as short-termed ones. In this sense, the company planning strategy needs to be fully correlated with the budgeting planning, otherwise there will be no financial support for those plans. Among the management functions we already know about we can also include the budgeting function because, in my opinion, all the others cannot properly function without it. You cannot have a successful planning or organizing within a company without correlating these with the budgeting function, in order to obtain the realistic backup of any project. Budgeting and planning go, in this sense, hand in hand, and you cannot really have one without the other in the company.